Experimental Characterization and Microstructural Evaluation of Silicon Bronze-Alloy Steel Bimetallic Structures by Additive Manufacturing

Fabrication of Bimetallic High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel/Si-Bronze Functionally Graded Materials Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

“…The interface region is observed to contain both metals of the bimetallic component, with iron occurring predominantly in its ferritic phase, while copper is in its FCC ε-phase. This observation is consistent with the works of [16,18]. Furthermore, the deposition of the first copper layers on the cold steel wall favored copper grain nucleation compared to grain growth and led to the subsequent solidification of finer copper grains.…”

“…No intermetallic phases were formed in the interfacial region. The absence of intermetallic compounds was also observed in [15,16,18]. Moreover, the analysis is in good agreement with the OM, SEM, and EDS results and highlights the feasibility of fusing both candidate materials together with no adverse generation of metastable species.…”

“…Technologies that connect copper and steel not only aim to take full advantage of the two materials, but also to improve the comprehensive economic benefits of the bimetallic parts. Therefore, copper-steel FGM has broad application prospects in industrial engineering [15][16][17][18].…”

“…The interface was shown to be primarily dominated by ferrite and ε-copper phases. Zhang et al [18] investigated the effect of adding a Cu-Ni interlayer between the depositions of steel and Si-Bronze on the mechanical properties of the bimetallic material. ER50-6 low-alloy steel was used along with HS211 Si-Bronze and prepared using GMAW-based wire arc additive manufacturing.…”

Effects of Cu-Ni-Ti Interlayer on Microstructure and Wear Resistance around Gas Tungsten Arc Cladding Copper Matrix Composite Coatings on Steel

“…Due to the viscosity of liquid metals, the liquid iron at the boundary of the molten pool has a low flow velocity, so it cannot be well mixed with the liquid copper. Only a small amount of copper diffuses into the UZ, driven by the concentration gradient, and precipitates during solidification to form copper islands [21]. Finally, a UZ of similar composition to that of the steel substrate is formed.…”