“…In robotic manipulators with brushless direct drive actuators, the positive effects of reduction gears are absent. At low velocities, where stiction and the Stribeck effect are conspicuous, simple wideband "stiff" PD controllers may work (Tataryn et al, 1996), although instabilities may occur due to various reasons, the principal one being the neglected parasitic elastic dynamics. At high velocities, where the effects of nonlinear coupling torques become noticeable, PID controllers become inefficient.…”