Experimental confirmation of solvated electron concentration and penetration scaling at a plasma–liquid interface

Martin, Daniel C.; Bartels, David M.; Rumbach, Paul; Go, David B.

doi:10.1088/1361-6595/abe11c

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In contrast, the progress of the research on the nature of hydrated electrons at the plasma-liquid interface is significantly insufficient to date because of the lack of useful detection methods. In 2015, Rumbach and coworkers succeeded in detecting hydrated electrons just below the interface between water and an atmospheric-pressure plasma [18,19]. Their detection method was laser absorption spectroscopy with the total reflection geometry, but it may be a delicate experiment because the water surface that interacts with an atmospheric-pressure plasma usually vibrates.…”

Section: Interactions (Some Figures May Appear In Colour Only In the ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of solvated electrons below the interface between atmospheric-pressure plasma and water by laser-induced desolvation

Inagaki¹,

Sasaki²

2022

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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We have developed a new method to detect solvated (hydrated) electrons at the plasma-water interface. The method is based on the laser-induced desolvation followed by the release of free electrons into the plasma. We employed an atmospheric-pressure dc glow discharge, in which the water surface worked as the cathode, in the experiment. When the region just below the water cathode was irradiated with a pulsed laser beam, we observed the pulsed increase in the discharge current. The increase in the discharge current was caused by the release of free electrons which were produced from hydrated electrons by the laser-induced desolvation. The pulsed increase in the discharge current was sensitive to the laser wavelength. We compared the relationship between the pulsed increase and the laser wavelength with the distribution of the solvation energy of hydrated electrons with the help of a Monte Carlo simulation on the transport of free electrons in water. As a result, it was concluded that hydrated electrons produced at the experimental condition were located at a distance of 7-15 nm from the plasma-water interface.

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Section: Interactions (Some Figures May Appear In Colour Only In the ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of solvated electrons below the interface between atmospheric-pressure plasma and water by laser-induced desolvation

Inagaki¹,

Sasaki²

2022

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…PDSE is being investigated for synthesis of nanoparticles and chemical conversion [43]. Much of the focus of research in PDSE is on creating non-equilibrium conditions at the plasma-liquid interface, and on the disposition of solvated electrons [44].…”

Section: Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2022 Plasma Roadmap: low temperature plasma science and technology

Adamovich

Agarwal

Ahedo

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

255

139

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The 2022 Roadmap is the next update in the series of Plasma Roadmaps published by Journal of Physics D with the intent to identify important outstanding challenges in the field of low-temperature plasma (LTP) physics and technology. The format of the Roadmap is the same as the previous Roadmaps representing the visions of 41 leading experts representing 21 countries and five continents in the various sub-fields of LTP science and technology. In recognition of the evolution in the field, several new topics have been introduced or given more prominence. These new topics and emphasis highlight increased interests in plasma-enabled additive manufacturing, soft materials, electrification of chemical conversions, plasma propulsion, extreme plasma regimes, plasmas in hypersonics, data-driven plasma science and technology and the contribution of LTP to combat COVID-19. In the last few decades, LTP science and technology has made a tremendously positive impact on our society. It is our hope that this roadmap will help continue this excellent track record over the next 5–10 years.

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“…increases the probability that ions and electrons within the plasma will react with interfacial PFOS. Alternatively, electrons can become solvated and form hydrated electrons [58][59][60], which can react with PFOS dissolved in the bulk liquid [61].…”

Section: Electron and Ion-driven Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low power degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water using a nanosecond pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma

Johnson¹,

Maza²,

Breslin³

et al. 2022

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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The prevalence and persistence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has led to significant concerns over the damage they can have on human health and the environment, particularly when they contaminate bodies of water. In this work, a plasma driven with high-voltage (20 kV) pulses of varying duration (50-400 ns) and frequency (0.5-10 kHz) is investigated for degrading perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water. The concentration of PFOS in solution decreased with repeated passes through the reactor. Increasing the power consumption of the plasma, either by increasing the pulse width or the frequency, improved the rate of PFOS loss but decreased the energy efficiency. For instance, reducing the frequency of the pulse from 10 kHz to 500 Hz decreased the power consumption by over an order of magnitude while requiring about twice as much time to reduce 50% of the PFOS signal. Time-averaged emission spectroscopy showed that increasing the frequency decreased the average electron density of the plasma and while increasing the temperature of the reactor. In constrast, increasing the pulse width from 50 ns to 400 ns did not have a significant impact on the average electron density or the reactor temperature. Infrared (IR) measurements of the reactor indicated that changes in operating conditions caused only modest changes in reactor temperature. Spectroscopy revealed the presence of photons with energies >5 eV were also observed and could contribute to PFOS loss. This work shows that the main factor determining PFOS loss is the contact time between the plasma reactor and the solution, which implies the most energy efficient operating parameters for PFOS degradation comes from minimizing the duration and frequency of the high-voltage pulses to reduce power consumption.

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Experimental confirmation of solvated electron concentration and penetration scaling at a plasma–liquid interface

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Detection of solvated electrons below the interface between atmospheric-pressure plasma and water by laser-induced desolvation

Detection of solvated electrons below the interface between atmospheric-pressure plasma and water by laser-induced desolvation

The 2022 Plasma Roadmap: low temperature plasma science and technology

Low power degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in water using a nanosecond pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma

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