Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions

Abstract

In this paper, we designed and demonstrated a stimuli-responsive hydrogel that mimics the mass diffusion function of the liver. We have controlled the release mechanism using temperature and pH variations. Additive manufacturing technology was used to fabricate the device with nylon (PA-12), using selective laser sintering (SLS). The device has two compartment sections: the lower section handles the thermal management, and feeds temperature-regulated water into the mass transfer section of the upper compartment. The upper chamber has a two-layered serpentine concentric tube; the inner tube carries the temperature-regulated water to the hydrogel using the given pores. Here, the hydrogel is present in order to facilitate the release of the loaded methylene blue (MB) into the fluid. By adjusting the fluid’s pH, flow rate, and temperature, the deswelling properties of the hydrogel were examined. The weight of the hydrogel was maximum at 10 mL/min and decreased by 25.29% to 10.12 g for the flow rate of 50 mL/min. The cumulative MB release at 30 °C increased to 47% for the lower flow rate of 10 mL/min, and the cumulative release at 40 °C climbed to 55%, which is 44.7% more than at 30 °C. The MB release rates considerably increased when the pH dropped from 12 to 8, showing that the lower pH had a major impact on the release of MB from the hydrogel. Only 19% of the MB was released at pH 12 after 50 min, and after that, the release rate remained nearly constant. At higher fluid temperatures, the hydrogels lost approximately 80% of their water in just 20 min, compared to a loss of 50% of their water at room temperature. The outcomes of this study may contribute to further developments in artificial organ design.

Hydrogels as carriers deliver stem cells/exosomes for liver injury

“…These shifts play a crucial role in controlling cell development, metabolism, and release, making them essential for biomaterials to meet clinical requirements. 75 Bioprinting-based hydrogel bioactive materials can offer a potent toolkit for imitating the spatially specified signals of encouraging regeneration and anti-fibrosis for clinical transformation, allowing researchers to better understand the spatial biological features that lead to fibrosis and wound healing. 69 Thermogel-based bioprinting processes to prepare 3D hepatocytes loaded with hydrogel may provide a more accurate depiction of the pathophysiological responses of the liver to external stimuli, thus promoting cell metabolism, making it suitable for hepatotoxicity research.…”