Experimental Demonstration of Phase Modulation and Motion Sensing Using Graphene-Integrated Metasurfaces

Dabidian, Nima; Dutta-Gupta, Shourya; Kholmanov, Iskandar; Lai, Kueifu; Lu, Feng; Lee, Jongwon; Jin, Mingzhou; Trendafilov, Simeon; Khanikaev, Alexander B.; Fallahazad, Babak; Tutuc, Emanuel; Belkin, Mikhail; Shvets, Gennady

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00732

Cited by 96 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…At a specific wavelength, it results in high reflection "ON" and low reflection "OFF" states with an experimentally measured modulation depth up to 90%, though the insertion loss of 81% is still rather high and the bandwidth is also rather small (a few percent of the operational wavelength) [194]. Phase modulation has been also shown recently in a similar graphene hybrid metasurface in the mid-infrared, which can be potentially applied for motion sensing and tunable waveplates [196].…”

Section: Graphene Hybrid Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 79%

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

2016

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Abstract. Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that not found in nature. This class of micro-and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro-and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g., scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the PancharatnamBerry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in fewlayer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of future developments in this rapidly developing research field.

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Section: Graphene Hybrid Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 79%

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

2016

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“…Despite this high contrast ratio, the required switching voltage may still be too high. Following this work, more efforts have also been made to achieve an efficient and fast modulation on the amplitude or phase of transmissions, reflections and even beam deflections from NIR to THz regimes . Kim et al experimentally demonstrate a metasurface combined with a graphene layer, as depicted in Figure d .…”

Section: Tuning Via Free‐carrier Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Tunable Metasurfaces Based on Active Materials

Cui

Bai

Sun

2019

Adv Funct Materials

215

111

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Metasurfaces, planer artificial materials composed of subwavelength unit cells, have shown superior abilities to manipulate the wavefronts of electromagnetic waves. In the last few years, metasurfaces have been a burgeoning field of research, with a large variety of functional devices, including planar lenses, beam deflectors, polarization converters, and metaholograms, being demonstrated. Up to date, the majority of metasurfaces cannot be tuned postfabrication. Yet, the dynamic control of optical properties of metasurfaces is highly desirable for a plethora of applications including free space optical communications, holographic displays, and depth sensing. Recently, much effort has been made to exploit active materials, whose optical properties can be controlled under external stimuli, for the dynamic control of metasurfaces. The tunability enabled by active materials can be attributed to various mechanisms, including but not limited to thermo‐optic effects, free‐carrier effects, and phase transitions. This short review summarizes the recent progress on tunable metasurfaces based on various approaches and analyzes their respective advantages and challenges to be confronted with. A number of potential future directions are also discussed at the end.

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Section: Adaptive Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The available phase was limited by the surface geometry, which only allowed for a maximum phase range of π in the lossless ideal case. While this falls short of being useful for beam steering applications, interferometry‐based motion sensing was demonstrated with the device . A considerable increase in the attainable phase modulation range was achieved with an end‐to‐end coupled patch antenna array integrated on a dielectric spacer and a metallic back reflector (Figure a‐vii,d).…”

Section: Adaptive Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene‐based tuning of metasurfaces, in general, faces a number of challenges. First, the insertion losses in most experimental demonstrations on phase modulation are considerably high (≈90%) . Second, expanding the spectral range, which can be achieved by further increasing the doping levels, is limited in back‐gated devices by electrical breakdown in the dielectric spacer.…”

Section: Adaptive Metasurfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optical Metasurfaces: Evolving from Passive to Adaptive

Hail

Michel

Poulikakos

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

121

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of ultrathin, artificial surfaces, so-called metasurfaces, for manipulating the propagation of light at will. [1,2] Metasurfaces control the propagation of light by abruptly changing its phase, amplitude, polarization, or spectrum at a surface and within a thin (quasi-2D) layer using large arrays of optical scatterers with subwavelength separation. Ideally, each scatterer can be independently engineered in order to locally influence the wavelets of the impinging light, and therefore, arbitrarily reform the wavefront. This concept has been exploited to create a variety of flat optical elements such as beam deflectors, [3][4][5] lenses, [6][7][8] and holograms. [9,10] As compared to bulky refraction-based optical elements, these surfaces are of subwavelength or wavelength-scale thickness, which enables their integration into compact devices. A main feature of the majority of such flat optical elements is that they are passive, and once fabricated, their optical functionalities are invariable. A beam deflector of this kind will direct light of a certain wavelength and direction always into the same direction, or a lens will focus light always to the same focal point. A broad range of new applications could be enabled if it were possible to actively and reversibly change the functionality of metasurfaces after their fabrication. With such "adaptive" metasurfaces beam deflectors with adjustable angle of deflection, metalenses with variable focal length or dynamic holograms may be realized. Advances toward such active devices are highly relevant for applications such as light detection and ranging [11] (LIDAR) sensing for driverless cars, dynamic zoom lenses for miniaturized camera systems [12] (e.g., in smartphones), or holographic displays for augmented reality devices. [13] An adaptive metasurface allows for the dynamic adjustment of an optical functionality of the surface. As shown in Figure 1, for the specific case of a metalens, these surfaces can be categorized based on their degree of dynamic adaptivity. While a passive surface has a fixed functionality, a switchable metasurface allows for switching back and forth between two (or more) predefined states (e.g., switching between different focal lengths, deflection angles, or hologram images). A continuously tunable metasurface enables continuous adjustment of a property within a range (e.g., tunable focal length or deflection angle). Finally, a freely tunable metasurface allows for continuous, arbitrary adjustment of a property, for example, 3D adjustment of the focal point of the metalens shown in Figure 1. Adaptive functionalities can be added to metasurfaces with different methods, for example, by mechanically rearranging the scatterers on the surface with respect to each other, or modifying

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Experimental Demonstration of Phase Modulation and Motion Sensing Using Graphene-Integrated Metasurfaces

Cited by 96 publications

References 56 publications

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

Tunable Metasurfaces Based on Active Materials

Optical Metasurfaces: Evolving from Passive to Adaptive

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