Experimental demonstration of the violations of Mermin’s and Svetlichny’s inequalities for W and GHZ states

Swain, Manoranjan; Rai, Amit; Behera, Bikash K.; Panigrahi, Prasanta K.

doi:10.1007/s11128-019-2331-5

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Generally, a 2-qubit pair uses Bell's 22 or Mermin's inequality 7 to distinguish its “quantum-ness” from local realism (LR). The GHZ-like states 8 , 23 – 25 are used as the initial states for both Bell’s and Mermin’s. Although the phase angles tested for the maximum values of LR are different, the basic physics for both are similar—difference lies only in the superposition of the subsystem quantum states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase analysis on the error scaling of entangled qubits in a 53-qubit system

Huang

Chien

Cho

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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We have studied carefully the behaviors of entangled qubits on the IBM Rochester with various connectivities and under a “noisy” environment. A phase trajectory analysis based on our measurements of the GHZ-like states is performed. Our results point to an important fact that entangled qubits are “protected” against environmental noise by a scaling property that impacts only the weighting of their amplitudes. The reproducibility of most measurements has been confirmed within a reasonably short gate operation time. But there still are a few combinations of qubits that show significant entanglement evolution in the form of transitions between quantum states. The phase trajectory of an entangled evolution, and the impact of the sudden death of GHZ-like states and the revival of newly excited states are analyzed in details. All observed trajectories of entangled qubits arise under the influences of the newly excited states in a “noisy” intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase analysis on the error scaling of entangled qubits in a 53-qubit system

Huang

Chien

Cho

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Such as teleportation of qubits 20 , quantum key distribution (QKD) 21 , 22 , quantum secret sharing 23 , 24 , etc. 25 – 34 Entanglement can be seen in many states likes Bell states 35 , 36 , GHZ states 37 , and W states 38 , 39 , and so far several measures have been proposed to quantify entanglement 40 – 45 . Various research works have been developed in the field of multi-party quantum teleportation 46 – 48 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental realization of controlled quantum teleportation of arbitrary qubit states via cluster states

Kumar

Haddadi

Pourkarimi

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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controlled quantum teleportation involves a third party as a controller for the teleportation of state. Here, we present the novel protocols for controlling teleportation of the arbitrary two-qubit and three-qubit states through five-qubit and seven-qubit cluster states respectively. In these schemes, Alice sends the arbitrary qubit states to the remote receiver Bob through the cluster states as quantum channels under the control of charlie. Bob can recover the mentioned states by making appropriate unitary operations, and we point out that the efficiency in our schemes is 100%. In the process of our analysis, we find the classical communication cost in our protocols is remarkably reduced when compared to the previous protocols. We perform the experimental realization of the above protocols on "IBM 16 Melbourne" quantum computer and "IBM quantum simulator" and we calculate the fidelity. We also examine the security analysis against Charlie, and these schemes which we considered here are secure against charlie's attacks. Following the idea of Bennett et al. 1,2 on quantum teleportation, we use entanglement 3 for the quantum communication protocols 4-19. Such as teleportation of qubits 20 , quantum key distribution (QKD) 21,22 , quantum secret sharing 23,24 , etc. 25-34 Entanglement can be seen in many states likes Bell states 35,36 , GHZ states 37 , and W states 38,39 , and so far several measures have been proposed to quantify entanglement 40-45. Various research works have been developed in the field of multi-party quantum teleportation 46-48. As far as we know, the first quantum teleportation between three parties is proposed by Karlsson et al. 49 in 1998 using GHZ state. Also, Dong et al. 50 performed a controlled communication between the three-party using GHZ state and imperfect Bell state measurement. Furthermore, Hassanpour et al. 51 performed controlled quantum secure direct communication protocol using GHZ-like states. Quantum teleportation involving cluster states 7,52-55 is a multiparty protocol. Cluster states are a kind of highly entangled quantum states, and they can be prepared in the following ways: (a) Cluster states can be generated in lattices of spin qubits by interacting them with "Ising type Hamiltonian" 56 , (b) Cluster states can be generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion involving photon polarization and non-linear optics 57. (c) The cluster states are considered as a particular case of graph states 58-61. Cluster states have great importance over quantum teleportation, and they can be used for one-way quantum computing 55,57 , bidirectional quantum computing 62 , and cyclic quantum computing 63. In our protocols, we use the cluster states as a one-way quantum computing channel. Quantum correlation is used as a resource to establish entanglement between the particles. For an entangled state, the entanglement of formation 42 specifies the amount of resource used to generate the particular entanglement between the particles. The amount of resource used for generating entanglemen...

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“…Previous studies between quantum nonlocality and classical LR are mainly focused on the static and theoretical situations for a small number of qubits, in particular for pure quantum states as Bell and Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger (GHZ)‐type states 23 . Only recently had experimental data been reported but even that were still not a fully dynamic measurement due to the limitation of coherence time and the small number of mixed entangled states 7,24,25 . Therefore, a full understanding of the entanglements and correlations between a large number of qubits is important for a universal quantum computer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mermin's inequalities of multiple qubits with orthogonal measurements onIBMQ 53‐qubit system

Huang

Chien

Cho

et al. 2020

Quantum Engineering

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Summary Entanglement properties of IBM Q 53‐qubit quantum computer are carefully examined with the noisy intermediate‐scale quantum technology. We study Greenberger‐Horne‐Zeilinger‐like states with multiple qubits (N = 2 to N = 7) on IBM Rochester and compare their maximal violation values of Mermin's polynomials with analytic results. A rule of N‐qubits orthogonal measurements is taken to further justify the entanglement less than maximal values of local realism. The orthogonality of measurements is another reliable criterion for entanglement except the maximal values of LR. Our results indicate that the entanglement of IBM 53 qubits is reasonably good when N ≤ 4, while for the longer entangle chains, the entanglement is only valid for some special connectivity.

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Experimental demonstration of the violations of Mermin’s and Svetlichny’s inequalities for W and GHZ states

Cited by 29 publications

References 38 publications

Phase analysis on the error scaling of entangled qubits in a 53-qubit system

Phase analysis on the error scaling of entangled qubits in a 53-qubit system

Experimental realization of controlled quantum teleportation of arbitrary qubit states via cluster states

Mermin's inequalities of multiple qubits with orthogonal measurements onIBMQ 53‐qubit system

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