Experimental determination of detector gain, zero frequency detective quantum efficiency, and spectral compatibility of phosphor screens: comparison of CsI:Na and Gd2O2S:Tb for medical imaging applications

Kandarakis, I.; Cavouras, D.; Κανελλόπουλος, Ε.; Nomicos, C.; Panayiotakis, George

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00672-x

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In addition, these data could be used to obtain an estimation of the efficiency of the GSO:Ce crystal under mono-energetic radiation used in ordinary nuclear medicine. This could be achieved by calculating the mean energy corresponding to the spectra of X-rays [8] employed in this study. For example, using published data from [8] and [18], the mean energy of a filtered 140 kV X-ray spectrum was calculated to be 71 keV.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Luminescence efficiency of Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce scintillator under X-ray excitation

Valais

Kandarakis

Nikolopoulos

et al. 2005

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Gd 2 SiO 5 :Ce (GSO:Ce) is a high-Z, nonhygroscopic fast emitting scintillator used in detectors of positron emission tomography (PET) systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the luminescence efficiency of GSO:Ce scintillator under irradiation conditions employed in X-ray medical imaging, since findings may be of value in novel applications such as computed tomography breast imaging or modern fast image producing X-ray computed tomography. To this aim the absolute luminescence efficiency (emitted light flux over X-ray exposure), the spectral matching factor (compatibility to optical detectors), and the effective efficiency (the product of absolute efficiency and spectral compatibility) were determined for X-ray tube voltages ranging from 20 to 140 kV. The efficiency of GSO:Ce was found to increase with increasing X-ray tube voltage, while the GSO:Ce spectrum, peaking at 440 and 490 nm, was found compatible to most optical detectors (photodiodes, photocathodes, and charge-coupled devices).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emission efficiency (light yield) of scintillators may be evaluated by measuring the absolute luminescence efficiency (AE) [8], [9]. AE has been defined [9]- [11] as the ratio of the 0018-9499/$20.…”

Section: A Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescence efficiency of Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce scintillator under X-ray excitation

Valais

Kandarakis

Nikolopoulos

et al. 2005

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…is the zero frequency detective quantum efficiency calculated according to a method described in [19]. The quantity Re has been defined [18] as:…”

Section: Informational Efficiency ( I  )mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative investigation of Lu<inf>2</inf>SiO<inf>5</inf>:Ce and Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>S:Eu phosphor scintillators for use in a medical imaging detectors

Michail

Stoppa

Toutountzis

et al. 2008

2008 IEEE International Workshop on Imaging Systems and Techniques

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The dominant powder scintillator in most medical imaging modalities for decades is Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb due to the very good intrinsic properties and overall efficiency. Except Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb there are alternative powder phosphor scintillators like Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce and Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu that has been suggested for use in various medical imaging modalities. Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu emits red light and can be combined mainly with digital detectors like CCDs and wavelength selective detectors. Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce emits blue light and can be combined with blue sensitivity films, photocathodes and some photodiodes. For the purpose of this study two Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce and Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu powder phosphor scintillators with screen coating thicknesses of 25 and 33 mg/cm 2 respectively, were prepared by the method of sedimentation in our laboratory. The output efficiency of the phosphor screens were evaluated with respect to incident exposure rate and the spatial frequency dependent Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). Furthermore the spectral compatibility of those materials with various detectors was evaluated. Results were compared to published data for the commercially employed 'Kodak Min-R film-screen system', based on a 31.7 mg/cm 2 thick Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb phosphor. For Gd 2 O 2 S:Eu, MTF data were found comparable to those of Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb, while the MTF of Lu 2 SiO 5 :Ce was even higher. The different spectral compatibility of these phosphors could be interesting for application based on red and blue sensitive optical sensors respectively.

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“…The transmitted X-ray beam is characterized by the total beam energy uence ( X-ray energy per unit of area). This uence is determined by the following factors [10,17,18]: (a) the maximum voltage applied across the tube, V p , which ranges from 50 to 140 kV and a ects the energy of individual X-ray photons as well as their number;…”

Section: X-ray Medical Radiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The X-ray detector detects the radiation beam that is transmitted through the patient's body and produces the radiographic image. X-ray detectors used in medical radiography consist of one or two phosphor screens coupled to an optical sensor (a lm, photocathode or a photodiode array) [11,12,[18][19][20].…”

Section: X-ray Medical Radiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Taguchi's technique: An effective method for improving X-ray medical radiographic screen performance

Vlachogiannis

2003

Proc Inst Mech Eng H

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Taguchi's technique is a helpful tool to achieve experimental optimization of a large number of decision variables with a small number of off-line experiments. The technique appears to be an ideal tool for improving the performance of X-ray medical radiographic screens under a noise source. Currently there are very many guides available for improving the efficiency of X-ray medical radiographic screens. These guides can be refined using a second-stage parameter optimization. based on Taguchi's technique, selecting the optimum levels of controllable X-ray radiographic screen factors. A real example of the proposed technique is presented giving certain performance criteria. The present research proposes the reinforcement of X-ray radiography by Taguchi's technique as a novel hardware mechanism.

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Experimental determination of detector gain, zero frequency detective quantum efficiency, and spectral compatibility of phosphor screens: comparison of CsI:Na and Gd2O2S:Tb for medical imaging applications

Cited by 23 publications

References 12 publications

Luminescence efficiency of Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce scintillator under X-ray excitation

Luminescence efficiency of Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/:Ce scintillator under X-ray excitation

A comparative investigation of Lu<inf>2</inf>SiO<inf>5</inf>:Ce and Gd<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>S:Eu phosphor scintillators for use in a medical imaging detectors

Taguchi's technique: An effective method for improving X-ray medical radiographic screen performance

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