Experimental determination of line energies, line widths and relative transition probabilities of the Gadolinium L x-ray emission spectrum

Abstract

In this work the complete L-emission spectrum of gadolinium with respect to line energies, natural line widths, and relative transition probabilities was investigated using monochromatized synchrotron radiation. The measurements were realized in the PTB laboratory at BESSY II by means of an in-house built von Hamos spectrometer based on up to two full-cylinder HAPG mosaic crystal. The von Hamos spectrometer is calibrated by means of elastically scattered photons from the employed synchrotron radiation beamline leading to a well-defined energy scale and an experimentally determined spectrometer response. A selective excitation of the gadolinium L subshells was carried out to ensure a robust deconvolution of neighboring emission lines of different L subshells. The experimental results are discussed in the context of existing data from common databases and published values since significant deviations, especially for the Lγ 2 and Lγ 3 emission lines, are observed. We further substantiate and discuss two satellite lines at the low-energy side of the Lβ 2,15 and Lγ 1 emission lines arising from the N 4,5 subshell. 12/1515/15

Speciation of FeS and FeS$_2$ by means of X-ray Emission Spectroscopy using a compact full-cylinder von Hamos spectrometer

“…The experimental uncertainty consists of the uncertainty caused by the polar integration of the CCD images (0.5 eV) and the non-linear least square fitting procedure (0.5 eV). The two contributions are summed up leading to a more conservative uncertainty estimation as compared to the square root of the quadratic sum [55]. Relative line intensities of Kα and Kβ are influenced by the experimental setting and are not corrected in the displayed spectrum.…”

“…Radius channel and photon energy are geometrically related by the Bragg equation as explained in Anklamm et al [51]. Note that the resolving power of the spectrometer depends on the radii of the detected circles [55].…”

“…A shift of the Kβ 1,3 line to higher photon energies (1.7( 5) eV) and a Kβ satellite on the low-energy side (E Kβ 1,3 −E Kβ = 12(1) eV) for FeS as compared to FeS 2 is recorded. The respective uncertainties of the energy shifts are estimated as described in Wansleben et al [55]. The Kβ satellite is caused by the final state exchange interaction between the 3p hole and 3d valence states allowing for conclusions on the spin state (e.g.…”

Traceable Characterization of Nanomaterials by X-ray Spectrometry Using Calibrated Instrumentation

“…The calibration of the instrumental response of the wavelength-dispersive spectrometer enables an accurate determination of binding state-related structures in transition metal compound spectra [39], as shown exemplarily in Figure 4, thus enabling reliable identification and quantification capabilities. The HAPG cylinder length of 20 cm offers the advantage of recording spectra of several hundreds of eV width, allowing one to determine the energy positions and transition probabilities associated with one absorption edge in only one measurement [40], thus reducing the risk of combining separate energy scales. There are currently only a few dedicated scanning X-ray microscopes at SR facilities that offer XRF analysis in combination with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and lateral resolutions in the nanometer regime [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].…”

The potential of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers for measurement of relative fluorescence-line intensities

“…The dependence of line energies, line widths, and intensity ratios on chemical state have been studied for some lanthanide-series elements [20]. Recent measurements of intensity ratios for several well-resolved L lines have been made for bismuth with a solid-state detector [21], for gadolinium with a high-resolution von Hamos spectrometer [22], and for three actinide elements with a cryogenic microcalorimeter [23].…”