Experimental determination of the energy generated in nuclear cascades by a high energy beam

Andriamonje, S.; Angelopoulos, A.; Apostolakis, A.; Attale, F.; Brillard, L.; Buono, S.; Calero, J.; Carminati, F.; Casagrande, F.; Cennini, P.; Charalambous, S.; Moral, R. Del; Eleftheriadis, C.; Gallego, Eduardo; Gálvez, Jesús; García-Tabarés, L.; Gelès, C.; Goulas, I.; Giorni, A.; González, Enrique; Hussonnois, M.; Jaren, J.; Klapisch, R.; Kokkas, P.; Lemeilleur, F.; Lindecker, G.; Liolios, A.; Loiseaux, J.M.; López, C.; Lorente, Alfredo; Macrí, M.; Martínez-Val, José M.; Nifenecker, H.; Oropesa, J.; Pavlopoulos, P.; Pinston, J.A.; Revol, J. P.; Roche, Ch.; Rubbia, C.; Rubio, Juan Antonio; Sakelariou, K.; Sakelliou, L.; Saldaña, F.; Schüßler, F.; Tamarit, J.; Trubert, D.; Viano, J.B.; Vieira, S.; Vlachos, S.; Li, Xuan; Zarris, G.

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(95)00154-d

Cited by 114 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A first experiment (FEAT) [1] was performed to test the concept of energy gain in the Energy Amplifier (EA) system proposed by C. Rubbia [2], a system designed to destroy all actinide elements by fission. As a consequence, the EA is also producing energy while it is destroying the TRansUranium (TRU) content of nuclear reactor waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a system such as the EA, where TRUs are destroyed by fission, long-term (≥ 500 years 1 ) radiotoxicity of the waste is dominated by long-lived fission fragments (LLFFs) which can, in practice, only be destroyed by nuclear decay following neutron capture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Natural lead contains 1 (2) a high and nearly energy-independent elastic scattering cross-section; (3) a long 'storage' time because, below the capture resonances (E n ≤ 1 keV) and down to epithermal energies, the elastic scattering process is nearly isotropic and the transparency to neutrons is very high (it takes about 3 ms, 1800 scatterings and a path in lead of 60 m to thermalize a 1 MeV neutron).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Results from the TARC experiment: spallation neutron phenomenology in lead and neutron-driven nuclear transmutation by adiabatic resonance crossing

Abánades

Aleixandre

Andriamonje

et al. 2002

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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We summarize here the results of the TARC experiment whose main purpose is to demonstrate the possibility of using Adiabatic Resonance Crossing (ARC) to destroy efficiently Long-Lived Fission Fragments (LLFFs) in accelerator-driven systems and to validate a new simulation developed in the framework of the Energy Amplifier programme. An experimental set-up was installed in a CERN PS proton beam line to study how neutrons produced by spallation at relatively high energy ( E n ≥ 1 MeV) slow down quasi adiabatically with almost flat isolethargic energy distribution and reach the capture resonance energy of an element to be transmuted where they will have a high probability of being captured. Precision measurements of energy and space distributions of spallation neutrons (using 2.5 GeV/ c and 3.5 GeV/ c protons) slowing down in a 3.3 m × 3.3 m × 3 m lead volume and of neutron capture rates on LLFFs 99 Tc, 129 I, and several other elements were performed. An appropriate formalism and appropriate computational tools necessary for the analysis and understanding of the data were developed and validated in detail. Our direct experimental observation of ARC demonstrates the possibility to destroy, in a parasitic mode, outside the Energy Amplifier core, large amounts of 99 Tc or 129 I at a rate exceeding the production rate, thereby making it practical to reduce correspondingly the existing stockpile of LLFFs. In addition, TARC opens up new possibilities for radioactive isotope production as an alternative to nuclear reactors, in particular for medical applications, as well as new possibilities for neutron research and industrial applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Results from the TARC experiment: spallation neutron phenomenology in lead and neutron-driven nuclear transmutation by adiabatic resonance crossing

Abánades

Aleixandre

Andriamonje

et al. 2002

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…However, studies have shown that the number of generated neutrons normalized to the beam power saturates as the proton energy exceeds 1 GeV [11]. In addition, as shown in Figure 2, the Monte Carlo simulations show that the 1 GeV proton stops after travelling ~62 cm into the LBE target and deposits 99.8% of its energy.…”

Section: Spallation Neutron Source Designmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Therefore, the neutron destruction and production operator can be calculated as (11) In the Eq. 11, the microscopic reaction rates are approximated with the reaction rates calculated by MCB5 fixed-source problem, and the multiplication factors k 0 and k 1 # 39alamo39g39 the reaction rates at the end of the burnup step fr=open('mass_total','r') # macroscopic chifission reaction rates sum_1_fis=0.0 # macroscopic capture reaction rates for non-gas-FPs, gas FPs sum_1_cap_FPs=0.0 sum_1_cap_Fpgas=0.0 # calculate the fission reaction rates after burnup for line in fr: print 'actinides no adjustment:',x sum_atom_den = sum_atom_den + dentmp …”

Section: Appendix A: Discrete Feeding Factor Estimatementioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual design of minor actinides burner with an accelerator-driven subcritical system.

Cao¹,

Gohar²

2011

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Hybrid Nuclear Reactors

Martínez-Val

Piera

Abánades

et al. 2011

Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia

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Experimental determination of the energy generated in nuclear cascades by a high energy beam

Cited by 114 publications

References 8 publications

Results from the TARC experiment: spallation neutron phenomenology in lead and neutron-driven nuclear transmutation by adiabatic resonance crossing

Results from the TARC experiment: spallation neutron phenomenology in lead and neutron-driven nuclear transmutation by adiabatic resonance crossing

Conceptual design of minor actinides burner with an accelerator-driven subcritical system.

Hybrid Nuclear Reactors

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