Experimental ditches for research under natural conditions

Drent, Jan; Kersting, Kees

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90031-c

Cited by 42 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The aquatic fate of lambda‐cyhalothrin was investigated in experimental ditches at the Sinderhoeve experimental station near Renkum, The Netherlands. Twenty ditches were constructed on the site in 1988 and for several years subjected to different regimes of plant growth and nutrient supply (eutrophication) in order to produce distinctive, stable ecosystems 10. Each ditch has a trapezoidal cross‐section (tangent of slopes 2/3), a width across the sediment surface of 1.6 m and a length of 40 m. The ditches are each lined with a watertight PVC sheeting to prevent exchange of water with the surroundings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charm‐Bracelet‐Type Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) Functionalized with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Broadband Optical Limiting

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2010

Chemistry A European J

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Two-dimensional graphene, discovered most recently, has been at the center of a significant research effort [1] due to its high thermal conductivity ( % 5 10 3 W m À1 K À1 , 50 % higher than that of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and about ten times higher than metals such as copper and aluminum), [2] high Youngs modulus ( % 1100 GPa), [3] charge/hole mobility (2 10 5 cm 2 V À1 s À1 ), [1b, 2b, 4] fracture strength (125 GPa), [3] specific Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (theoretical value: [5] 2630 m 2 g À1 ; experimental value measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K: [6] 640 m 2 g À1 ), and the quantum Hall effect. [7] Despite being only one atom thick, graphene is found to absorb a significant (a = 2.3 %) fraction of incident white light, a consequence of graphenes unique electronic structure.[8] Because of the ultrafast carrier dynamics [9] and large absorption of incident light per layer, [8] graphene should behave as a fast saturable absorber over a wide spectral range.[10] Wang et al. [11] observed a significant nonlinear optical (NLO) response of graphene dispersions to nanosecond laser pulses at 532 and 1064 nm, implying a potential broadband, optical-limiting (OL) application. Nonlinear scattering (NLS), arising from the formation of solvent bubbles and microplasmas, is the principle mechanism for OL. The surface tension of solvents has strong influence on the OL performance of graphene dispersions. We also observed the broadband NLO and OL properties of graphene families, including graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, graphene nanosheets (GNSs), GO nanoribbons (GONRS), and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) at 532 and 1064 nm.[12] NLS and two-photon absorption (TPA) were found to have strong effects on the NLO and OL responses of the graphene nanostructures.Like CNTs, graphene is insoluble in many organic solvents. Its thus very interesting to design and synthesize graphene-based solution-processed organic/polymeric materials, which is the key issue for the development of graphenebased molecular optoelectronic and photonic devices.[13] Up to the present moment, the chemistry of graphene reported in the literature mainly concerns the chemistry of graphene oxide (GO) [1c, 14] that has a chemically reactive oxygen functionality, including carboxylic acid groups at the edges of GO, and epoxy and hydroxyl groups on the basal planes, with fewer reports [15] investigating covalently chemical modification of reduced graphene oxide [1c, 16] (RGO). In contrast to GO, which is an electrically insulating material owing of the disrupted sp 2 bonding networks, electrical conductivity of RGO can be recovered by restoring the p network. Importantly, the preparation method for grafting organic or polymeric moieties onto the surface of RGO retained structural integrity of the RGO framework so that there is no loss of electronic structure.We have developed a new synthetic method for grafting polymers onto fullerene by treating carbanion intermediates of polymers with fullerenes (C 60 , C 70 ). [17] This strategy was applied to ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water depth was adjusted to 0.5 m in the present study and the width at the water surface was 3.1 m, giving a water volume in each ditch of 47 m 3 . A more detailed description of the ditches is given by Drent and Kersting 10…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charm‐Bracelet‐Type Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) Functionalized with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Broadband Optical Limiting

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2010

Chemistry A European J

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“…Four dose levels were applied to two mesocosms each, while four other systems served as controls. Each mesocosm had the following characteristics: length, 40 m; width at water surface, 3.4 m; water volume, 60 m 3 ; and mean water depth, 0.5 m. Details of the construction and equipment of the mesocosms can be found in Drent and Kersting [5]. The aquatic community in the mesocosms resembled that of macrophyte-dominated drainage ditches.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the insecticide dursban® 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) in outdoor experimental ditches: II. Invertebrate community responses and recovery

Brink

Wijngaarden

Lucassen

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

201

114

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Abstract-This article describes the long-term effects on the macroinvertebrate and zooplankton community in outdoor experimental ditches after a single application of the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Nominal concentrations of 0.1, 0.9, 6, and 44 g/L of chlorpyrifos were applied to two mesocosms each, while four served as controls. Both macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were sampled from 4 weeks before to 55 weeks after treatment. The macroinvertebrate and zooplankton data sets were combined into one data set and analyzed using the multivariate ordination technique ''redundancy analysis.'' The method provided a clear description of the effects on the invertebrate community in time while still showing the effects at the species level. Crustacea and Insecta showed a rapid, concentration-dependent decrease in numbers after insecticide application (direct effects). An increase in gastropods and Oligochaeta was found, suggesting indirect effects. The start of recovery of the invertebrate populations affected was found to depend not only on the susceptibility of the taxa but also on ecological characteristics, such as the length of the life cycle. A no-observed-effect concentration of 0.1 g/L could be derived both at the species and the community level. Safe concentrations, based on no-observedshort-term-effect levels for some characteristic indigenous taxa susceptible to chlorpyrifos, also appeared to protect the total invertebrate community in the long term. The invertebrate community at all treatment levels was considered to have recovered after 24 weeks posttreatment.

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“…The test was performed in 12 enclosures situated in one of the experimental ditches located at the Sinderhoeve Experimental Station, Renkum, The Netherlands (Drent and Kersting 1993). The enclosures consisted of polycarbonate, translucent cylinders (diameter: 1.05 m; height: 0.9 m), pushed c. 0.15 m into the sandy loam sediment [organic matter content of 5 cm top layer: 2.1 ± 0.01% (mean ± SD)].…”

Section: Microcosmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide gamma-cyhalothrin on aquatic invertebrates in laboratory and outdoor microcosm tests

Wijngaarden¹,

Barber²,

Brock³

2008

Ecotoxicology

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The sensitivity of a range of freshwater lentic invertebrates to gamma-cyhalothrin (GCH), a single enantiomer of the synthetic pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, was assessed in single species laboratory tests and an outdoor multi-species ecosystem test. The most sensitive species in the laboratory single species tests with GCH was Chaoborus obscuripes (96 h EC 50 : 3.8 ng/l). The species sensitivity distribution curve, based on the laboratory 96 h EC 50 acute toxicity data for eight species, gave a median HC 5 value for GCH of 2.12 ng/l. The NOEC community derived from the multi-species ecosystem test was 5 ng/l, and the insects Chaoborus sp. and Caenis sp. were identified as the most sensitive species. The results indicate that the median HC 5 , based on eight species selected to include those known to be sensitive to pyrethroids, provided a good estimation of the NOEC community for GCH. Furthermore, the results for GCH indicated that the endpoints typically used in higher-tier risk assessments for pesticides in Europe (HC 5 and NOEC community ) were consistent with expectations when compared to the equivalent endpoints for the racemate LCH.

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Experimental ditches for research under natural conditions

Cited by 42 publications

References 2 publications

Charm‐Bracelet‐Type Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) Functionalized with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Broadband Optical Limiting

Charm‐Bracelet‐Type Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) Functionalized with Reduced Graphene Oxide for Broadband Optical Limiting

Effects of the insecticide dursban® 4E (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) in outdoor experimental ditches: II. Invertebrate community responses and recovery

Effects of the pyrethroid insecticide gamma-cyhalothrin on aquatic invertebrates in laboratory and outdoor microcosm tests

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