Experimental Evaluation of Public Policy: The Case of State Legislation for Child Passenger Safety

Seekins, Tom; Fawcett, Stephen B.; Cohen, Stanley; Elder, John P.; Jason, Leonard A.; Schnelle, John F.; Winett, Richard A.

doi:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-233

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…While increases in appropriate restraint use have been observed after the introduction of legislation in other jurisdictions for children aged less than four years, [22][23][24] this has not always been the case. 24,25 A US study found self-reported child restraint use did not change significantly in a low socioeconomic sample of families after the introduction of legislation specifying age-appropriate restraint use. Furthermore, they found a significant increase in premature graduation to booster seats from forward-facing child restraints.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, others have reported improvements in correct use with strengthened legislation. [22][23][24] We hypothesised that recent amendments to Australian legislation would have increased the use of age-appropriate car restraints across all sectors of the community. As families from low educational, lowincome and non-English-speaking backgrounds were previously seen to have the lowest compliance with optimal child restraint practices, we focused our analysis on this sector of the community.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Increase in best practice child car restraint use for children aged 2–5 years in low socioeconomic areas after introduction of mandatory child restraint laws

Brown

Keay

Hunter

et al. 2013

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in best practice child car restraint use for children aged 2–5 years in low socioeconomic areas after introduction of mandatory child restraint laws

Brown

Keay

Hunter

et al. 2013

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3 Legislation is an effective way of changing outcomes due to MVCs. Legislation regarding minimum alcohol-drinking age, 20,21 elderly licensure, 13 seat belt use, 22,23 the use of child safety seats for children from birth through 5 years, 24,25 and graduated driver licensing for teenagers [26][27][28] have decreased motor vehicle-related deaths and injuries in the United States. Similarly, our data show that, even after controlling for other motor vehicle legislation, as well as controlling for temporal and economic factors that could influence MVC fatalities in children, the enactment of booster seat laws further reduces childhood fatalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age

Mannix¹,

Fleegler²,

Meehan

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of AgeWHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Previous studies have demonstrated that booster seat legislation decreased fatalities in children. However, these studies have not accounted for confounding factors such as other legislation and temporal trends in safety. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study demonstrates that state booster seat laws are associated with decreased rates of fatalities and injuries in children 4 to 7 years of age in the United States, with the strongest effects in the older children. abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine whether state booster seat laws were associated with decreased fatality rates in children 4 to 7 years of age in the United States. METHODS:Retrospective, longitudinal analysis of all motor vehicle occupant crashes involving children 4 to 7 years of age identified in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System from January 1999 through December 2009. The main outcome measure was fatality rates of motor vehicle occupants aged 4 to 7 years. Because most booster laws exclude children 6 to 7 years of age, we performed separate analyses for children 4 to 5, 6, and 7 years of age. RESULTS:When controlling for other motor vehicle legislation, temporal and economic factors, states with booster seat laws had a lower risk of fatalities in 4-to 5-year-olds than states without booster seat laws (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-0.99). States with booster seat laws that included 6-year-olds had an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.91) for motor vehicle collision fatalities of 6-year-olds and those that included 7-year-olds had an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62-0.91) for motor vehicle collision fatalities of 7-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS:Booster seat laws are associated with decreased fatalities in children 4 to 7 years of age, with the strongest association seen in children 6 to 7 years of age. Future legislative efforts should extend current laws to children aged 6 to 7 years.

show abstract

“…(p. 256) Corruption cultures are the cumulative outcome of individual decisions that are made without regard to the consequences for the collective and hence our focus should be on changing cultural practices. Behavioral research has shown that legislation (Seekins et al, 1988), signs and prompters (Williams, Thyer, Bailey, & Harrison, 1989), and signed promise cards (Geller & Lehman, 1991), have been effective in changing cultural practices.…”

Section: Summary and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Operants of Corruption: A Study of Avoidance in Corruption Behavior

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Corruption is illegal and universally shameful. Persons who engage in corrupt practices tend to be discreet. This study offers an analysis of metaphors in corruption language based on positive and avoidance contingencies of reinforcement. Our data show that parties to corrupt practices use expressions that accentuate this discreet behavior, whether demanding or offering bribes. Our findings indicate that corruption language can be topographically similar to other verbal utterances, but functionally different when understood in context. Both officials and clients use metaphors to avoid prosecution and social embarrassment. The verbal behavior of the public servant is positively reinforced because he gets a bribe, and the verbal behavior of the client is positively reinforced because he/she receives service or favorable answer to application promptly. However, the payment of money denotes punishment. KEYWORDS: avoidance; corruption; Ghana, corruption; metaphors, disguised mands, positive reinforcement "What do 'beans for the kids' in Kinshasa, 'a glass of wine' in Paris and 'little carps' in Prague have in common"? According to Henig (2013), the phrases do not only indicate something about local cuisines, but they are also euphemisms for bribes (p. 1). The use of corruption language is a common phenomenon associated with the demand and supply sides of corrupt behavior (Vian, Gryboski, Sinoimeri, & Clifford, 2004). Quite a number of works have discussed the nature and role of corruption language in Africa (Adjei, 2009;Hasty, 2005;Polzenhagen & Wolf, 2007). In this article, we explore language associated with soliciting or offering bribes in Ghana. Corruption language is a figurative language of metaphors and euphemisms (as when a speaker uses a disguised mand) associated with soliciting and offering a 1 Author Note: We extend our appreciations to the Ph.D. Group of the Cultural Selection and Behavioral Economics Lab of the Department of Behavioral Science for their feedbacks on earlier versions of the paper. We thank Michael F. Valdez for proofreading and comments. We also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their critical, constructive and supportive comments. This article was presented as a paper at ABAI Congress in San Antonio, May 22-26, 2015, under Wittink (2011), figurative terminologies are common, frequent and pervasive in our verbal behavior. A metaphor (a derivative of the Greek word "metapherein" meaning to transfer), is a "figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable" (Metaphor, n.d.). A metaphor describes one thing in terms of another (Knowles & Moon, 2006). A synecdoche is a form of metaphor in which a part of a thing signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part. For example, in the Lord's Prayer "Give us this day our daily bread," bread will mean food taken each day (Cuddon & Preston, 1998, p. 890). A metonymy, also a form of metaphor, uses the name of an attribute or a thing to substitute the thing its...

show abstract

Experimental Evaluation of Public Policy: The Case of State Legislation for Child Passenger Safety

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Increase in best practice child car restraint use for children aged 2–5 years in low socioeconomic areas after introduction of mandatory child restraint laws

Increase in best practice child car restraint use for children aged 2–5 years in low socioeconomic areas after introduction of mandatory child restraint laws

Booster Seat Laws and Fatalities in Children 4 to 7 Years of Age

Verbal Operants of Corruption: A Study of Avoidance in Corruption Behavior

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About