Experimental evaluation of stable long term operation of semiconductor magnetic sensors at ITER relevant environment

Abstract

The paper deals with radiation resistant sensors and their associated measuring instrumentation developed in the course of R and D activities carried out in the framework of an international collaboration. The first trial tests of three-dimensional (3D) probes with Hall sensors have been performed in European tokamaks TORE SUPRA (2004) and JET (2005). Later in 2009 six sets of 3D probes were installed in JET and now continue to operate. The statistical analysis performed in 2014 on the basis of the JET database have demonstrated stable long term operation of all 18 sensors of 3D probes. The results of measurements conducted at the neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors have demonstrated the operability of the sensors up to high neutron fluences of F > 10 18 n • cm −2 that exceeds the maximum one for the locations of steady state sensors in ITER over its total lifetime.

Prospects for a dominantly microwave-diagnosed magnetically confined fusion reactor

“…-Radiation-induced luminescence (radioluminescence) in windows and optical fibers [61,62,59,8]. -Damage of solid-state components and detectors [63,64] as used in infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray and neutron cameras, which can be contained by proper doping and radiation modification [52].…”

“…This results in "nuclear heating" [50] of the walls and underlying materials, as well as in transmutations [51]. The latter affect semiconductors by transmuting the bulk material or the dopant into another element with different donor or acceptor properties [52,53].…”

The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions

“…However, maintaining a good sensing performance with sufficient stability in such difficult conditions has remained a challenge for over a decade. Current research on materials capable of stably detecting magnetic fields under extreme conditions in tokamaks focuses mainly on thin films made of chromium [ 5 ], bismuth [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], gold, and antimony [ 11 , 12 ], but III-V compound semiconductors have also been investigated [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Furthermore, recent reports have also considered the viability of two-dimensional (2D) materials in the form of quasi-free-standing (QFS) epitaxial Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) graphene on semi-insulating silicon carbide (GR/SiC) [ 16 ] or CVD graphene transferred onto a sapphire substrate [ 17 ].…”

Automation System for Transporting Highly Radioactive Samples of the Irradiation Facility of the IBR-2 Reactor

“…The high density of the neutron flux interacting with the sample under investigation leads to a quite high induced activity of both the sample itself and the structural elements of the irradiation facility. As a rule, all samples after irradiation can be conditionally divided into two groups: those requiring the urgent neutron activation analysis of short-lived isotopes (from a few hours to 2 days after irradiation), for example, [5][6], and those that do not require such an analysis [7][8][9][10][11]. Taking into account the fact that, in the first hours after irradiation, the main contribution to the induced radioactivity is usually made by short-lived isotopes; then the transportation of their samples from the structural elements of the facility may become a problem because of extremely high values of radioactivity (up to 1 Sv/h).…”