Experimental evaluation of the consolidation treatments of low porosity limestone from the historic monument of the Anahita Temple of Kangavar, Iran

Barnoos, Vahid; Shekofteh, Atefeh; Oudbashi, Omid

doi:10.1007/s12520-022-01536-z

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 59 publications

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“…Consequently, carbonate stones fall into a category that is exceptionally susceptible to the deleterious effects of water, demanding heightened attention in terms of preservation and conservation efforts [13]. The preservation of the world's stone heritage is a global concern, underscoring the importance of categorising and identifying stone decay-related issues [14]. Various efforts have been made to establish universal conservation principles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Hydrophobic Coating Solutions and Its Impact on Carbonate Stones Protection and Preservation

Armal,

Dias,

Mirão

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The decay diagnosis and conservation of stone-built heritage is becoming a worldwide concern, especially when stone decay causes chromatic changes in the original stone aesthetics, which directly impacts its sociocultural value. Among all the causes of stone decay, water action is identified as the major cause of stone decay and chromatic changes in stone building materials; hence, protective eco-friendly hydrophobic coatings are the efficient and fundamental options to prevent penetrating water into the stone. This paper aims to contribute to tackling water action on natural building stones by studying three different commercial hydrophobic coatings and finding out the correlation between the effectivity, compatibility, and durability of these coatings and the physical, chemical, and mineralogical features of four distinct types of limestone, one calcitic dolomite, four kinds of marble, and one granitoid. Nine different natural stones have been chosen due to their variations in physical, chemical, and mineralogical natures. A multi-analytical approach was adopted through digital microscopy and colourimetry assays to assess the compatibility of the hydrophobic coatings, accelerating ageing in climatic chambers to assess their durability, optical tensiometer analyses to evaluate the hydrophobic effectiveness, and h-XRF and XRPD for determining the chemical and mineralogical composition of stone samples. The results obtained demonstrate that the coating composed of silane/siloxane with modified fluorinated additives (FAKOLITH FK-3 Plus Nano) is the most effective, compatible, and durable coating among the selected hydrophobic coatings. These results can be considered the pioneering steps for developing eco-friendly and cost-effective coatings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Hydrophobic Coating Solutions and Its Impact on Carbonate Stones Protection and Preservation

Armal,

Dias,

Mirão

et al. 2023

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Numerical simulation of P and S wave propagation in porous and low porosity carbonate rocks: laboratory tests, automatic P and S waves detection and FLAC3D simulation

Besharatinezhad,

Török

2024

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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This study presents laboratory measurements of P and S wave velocities of two carbonate rocks (porous limestone and yellow cemented limestone). The experimental results were validated and compared with the numerical simulation outputs using the 3D Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua software (FLAC3D). The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of frequency and mode of emission on ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) by applying an automatic method for the determination of P and S wave velocities. Based on the results, automatic detection of UPV can provide reliable outputs. The difference between numerical simulation results and laboratory measurement in terms of P and S wave velocities was, on average, around 7%, suggesting the applicability of the automatic detection method. Our study implies less noise in the perfect shear (PS) mode than in the single zone (SZ) emission mode. In summary, higher frequencies and the PS mode of emission are recommended.

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The sol–gel process applied in the stone conservation

Salazar-Hernández

Mendoza-Miranda

2022

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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Experimental evaluation of the consolidation treatments of low porosity limestone from the historic monument of the Anahita Temple of Kangavar, Iran

Cited by 6 publications

References 59 publications

Chemical Composition of Hydrophobic Coating Solutions and Its Impact on Carbonate Stones Protection and Preservation

Chemical Composition of Hydrophobic Coating Solutions and Its Impact on Carbonate Stones Protection and Preservation

Numerical simulation of P and S wave propagation in porous and low porosity carbonate rocks: laboratory tests, automatic P and S waves detection and FLAC3D simulation

The sol–gel process applied in the stone conservation

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