Experimental evidence of stable water nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions, at standard pressure and temperature

Abstract

This paper presents the results of several experimental methods (FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy (FM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)) evidencing structural changes induced in extremely diluted solutions (EDS), which are prepared by an iterated process of centesimal (1:100) dilution and succussion (shaking). The iteration is repeated until an extremely high dilution is reached, so that the composition of the solution becomes identical to that of the solvent--in this case water--used to prepare it. The experimental observations reveal the presence of supramolecular aggregates hundreds of nanometres in size in EDS at ambient pressure and temperature, and in the solid state. These findings confirm the hypothesis--developed thanks to previous physico-chemical investigations--that formation of water aggregates occurs in EDS. The experimental data can be analyzed and interpreted with reference to the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems and irreversible processes.

The Spatial Homeostasis Hypothesis

“…Numerous methods have demonstrated that "high dilutions" differ structurally from the intact solvent. These methods have included conductometry [9,10], pH monitoring [9,10], viscometry [10], calorimetry [9], photoluminescence spectroscopy [11], ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry [12][13][14], fluorescence microscopy [12], atomic force microscopy [12], infrared spectroscopy [12], Raman spectroscopy [15,16], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry [17][18][19][20], electromagnetic signal detection [21], crystallogenesis studies [22], droplet crystallization [23], NMR spectroscopy [20,24], and dielectric property analysis [25,26]. On the basis of these results, a popular perception of the solvent "memory" effect has been formed-the dilutions contain a structured material (dynamic) matrix, which retains information about the eliminated original substance.…”

A Generalized Concept of Medicine Emerging from Homoeo-Research Incorporating Quantum Electro-Dynamics

“…It is corroborated by investigations concerning the physicochemical properties of water subjected to physical perturbations like Iteratively Nafionated Water (INW) [33][34][35], Iteratively Filtered Water (IFW) [35][36][37][38], Extremely Diluted Solutions (EDS) [39][40][41][42][43][44] and effect of hydrophilic surfaces [45][46][47][48][49]. Ref [47][48][49] also suggest changes in structure of water.…”

“…Ref [47][48][49] also suggest changes in structure of water. These are direct or indirect evidences for existence of Coherent Domains (CD) in water.…”

Structural Model Explains High Potency Homoeopathic Medicines and Leads to a Generalized Understanding of Medicines

“…Its possible explanation is offered in ref [9] in terms of structures. Latest support to structural model comes from the work of Elia V et al [20]. The structural model may be at its infancy due to limited data in its support.…”