Experimental evidence that tryptamine alkaloids do not cause Phalaris aquatica sudden death syndrome in sheep

Ca, Bourke; Carrigan, M. J.; Dixon, Robert

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14462.x

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In sheep 2 toxicological entities occur: a "sudden death" syndrome and a nervous syndrome (Bourke et al 1988). The "sudden death" is characterized by sudden collapse especially when excited and is associated with cardiac abnormalities, cyanotic mucous membranes and disturbed respiration.…”

Section: Phalaris Species (Reed Canarygrass)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signs have occurred within 4 hours of going on pasture but usually between 12 and 72 hours after exposure. The cardiac disorder associated with "sudden death" has been attributed to an unknown toxin other than the tryptamine alkaloids (Bourke et al 1988). The cardiac syndrome or "sudden death" was regarded to be the result of forced exercise in sheep already exhibiting nervous signs.…”

Section: Phalaris Species (Reed Canarygrass)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture

Thompson¹,

Stuedemann²,

Hill³

2001

REM

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The greatest anti-quality associated with eastern temperature pasture grasses is the result of ergot alkaloids found in endophyte-infected (Neotyphodium ceonophialum) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) The relationship between the grass and the endophyte is mutalistic with greater persistence and herbage mass as a result of the endophyte. Ergot alkaloids reduce growth rate, lactation, and reproduction in livestock. Significant effects are the result of elevated body temperature and reduced peripheral blood flow such that necrosis may result. Perturbations also occur in a variety of body systems. Planting new pastures with seed containing a "non-toxic" endophyte appears to be a potential solution. Ergotism results from the ingestion of the scelerotia of Claviceps purpurea containing ergot alkaloids found on seed heads. Ergotism resembles the effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue. Endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) contains ergot and lotirem alkaloids that result in reduced growth and tremors. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris Anundinacba L.) contains tryptamine, hordenine and gramine alkaloids that reduce growth. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiplorum L. may contain galls with cornetoxins which result in neurological signs.

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Section: Phalaris Species (Reed Canarygrass)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phalaris Species (Reed Canarygrass)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture

Thompson¹,

Stuedemann²,

Hill³

2001

REM

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“…intoxication was first investigated by Gallagher et al, who administered (intravenous, subcutaneous and oral) pure alkaloids to sheep and reported the observation of clinical signs commensurate with the proposed peracute and acute poisoning syndromes (6,7). However, further field and experimental observations led to the conclusion that the indolylethylamines could not alone be responsible for the cardiac presentation of the sudden death syndrome (4,8). Indeed, Oram (4) Other alkaloids that have been isolated from Phalaris spp.…”

Section: Causative Factors Of Phalaris Spp Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Since this early differentiation of Phalaris spp. intoxication syndromes, doubt has been cast upon the existence of an acute neurological syndrome which is truly separate from the chronic staggers syndrome (8). In addition, the sudden death syndrome has been refined to include the cardiac effect described by Gallagher et al (6) and a polioencephalomalacia effect (9).…”

Section: Clinical Effects Of Phalaris Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 98%

New Alkaloids from Phalaris Spp.: A Cause for Concern?

Anderton

Cockrum

Colegate

et al. 1999

ACS Symposium Series

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Phalaris spp. grasses are useful pasture components but have been associated with neurological and sudden death intoxication syndromes. Despite agronomic development of Phalaris spp. to produce "low -toxicity" cultivars, outbreaks of intoxication have continued to occur. These outbreaks could result from a combination of poorly understood environmental or animal factors exacerbating the effect of the low concentration of known toxic alkaloids. Alternatively, previously unrecognised alkaloids could have intrinsic toxicity. Recent investigations have revealed the presence of the cardioactive N -methyltyramine in P. aquatica cultivars, and alkaloids of unknown toxicity i.e., the oxindoles coerulescine and horsfiline, and the furanobisindole phalarine, in P. coerulescens cultivars. The structures of coerulescine and phalarine were determined using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.The grass Phalaris aquatica (syn. P. tuberosa) has been introduced into Australia from its native Mediterranean habitat. Selected for its drought tolerance, the winter growing perennial also withstands waterlogging and is especially adaptable to heavier soils in areas of 400-650 mm annual rainfall. However, use of the grass as a pasture component has been complicated by the seed-shedding characteristics of the early imports and an associated toxicity.The seed-shedding problems were able to be addressed once a cultivar was isolated that displayed a high seed retention. Development of this cultivar allowed the simple and economic harvesting of seed for commercial distribution (7, 2). Thus, P. aquatica has become firmly established in the southern, temperate areas of Australia.

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“…Two are unrelated, peracute "sudden death" syndromes. One of these is called the cardiac 'sudden death' (Bourke et al 1988;1990;1992, Bourke 1994, Bourke et al 2006) and the other is called polioencephalomalacia-like 'sudden death' (Bourke et al 2003a(Bourke et al ,b, 2005(Bourke et al , 2006. The pathogenesis of the former is unknown but that of the latter involves ammonia toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and chronic nervous signs in cattle associated with Phalaris angusta poisoning in Argentina

Cantón

Campero

Villa³

et al. 2010

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Phalaris angusta is a South American natural grass that produces poisoning in sheep and cattle in Argentina and Brazil. Phalaris spp. can produce unrelated forms of poisoning in ruminants, acute and chronic syndromes. The objective of this paper was to describe an outbreak of acute and chronic Phalaris nervous syndrome in 53 of 980 fattening steers and heifers in a farm of Buenos Aires province. On September of 2006 the animals developed nervous signs and died after 3-5 days. The herd was removed to a phalarisfree pasture. Three months later (on December) 15 new clinical cases developed in the herd. Necropsy performed in one affected calf showed neither grossly nor microscopic changes. Microscopically, there were no major alterations in tissues. Nervous signs had been described in some field cases where neither pigment deposition nor axonal degeneration could be detected. Clinical findings displayed by affected cattle after consumption of Phalaris angusta pastures resemble those observed by other authors in Phalaris staggers. This is the first report in Argentina where both syndromes were seen in the same herd.

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Experimental evidence that tryptamine alkaloids do not cause Phalaris aquatica sudden death syndrome in sheep

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture

Anti-quality factors associated with alkaloids in eastern temperate pasture

New Alkaloids from Phalaris Spp.: A Cause for Concern?

Acute and chronic nervous signs in cattle associated with Phalaris angusta poisoning in Argentina

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