Experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs: Standardization

Vivaldi, E; Macinelli, S.; Günther, B

doi:10.1007/bf01851118

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Subsequently, Wiggers [ 12 ] and Guyton [ 13 ] developed a variety of animal models based on controlled hemorrhage. Other models involving uncontrolled bleeding [ 14 , 15 ], fixed volume loss [ 16 - 20 ], or a defined level of hypotension [ 16 , 19 - 22 ] have been used. In previous studies, the severity of shock was defined by the degree and duration of the resulting hypovolemia.…”

Section: The Clinical Problem Of Quantification Of Hemorrhagic Shock mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2005

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441 ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome; BD = base deficit; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; ICU = intensive care unit; ISS = Injury Severity Score; LD = lethal dose; MOF = multiple organ failure; O 2 D = oxygen debt; PO 2 = partial oxygen tension; ROC = receiver operating characteristic; SBV = shed blood volume; TRISS = Trauma and Injury Severity Score; VO 2 = oxygen consumption.Available online http://ccforum.com/content/9/5/441 AbstractEvidence is increasing that oxygen debt and its metabolic correlates are important quantifiers of the severity of hemorrhagic and post-traumatic shock and may serve as useful guides in the treatment of these conditions. The aim of this review is to demonstrate the similarity between experimental oxygen debt in animals and human hemorrhage/post-traumatic conditions, and to examine metabolic oxygen debt correlates, namely base deficit and lactate, as indices of shock severity and adequacy of volume resuscitation. Relevant studies in the medical literature were identified using Medline and Cochrane Library searches. Findings in both experimental animals (dog/pig) and humans suggest that oxygen debt or its metabolic correlates may be more useful quantifiers of hemorrhagic shock than estimates of blood loss, volume replacement, blood pressure, or heart rate. This is evidenced by the oxygen debt/probability of death curves for the animals, and by the consistency of lethal dose (LD) 25,50 points for base deficit across all three species. Quantifying human posttraumatic shock based on base deficit and adjusting for Glasgow Coma Scale score, prothrombin time, Injury Severity Score and age is demonstrated to be superior to anatomic injury severity alone or in combination with Trauma and Injury Severity Score. The data examined in this review indicate that estimates of oxygen debt and its metabolic correlates should be included in studies of experimental shock and in the management of patients suffering from hemorrhagic shock.

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Section: The Clinical Problem Of Quantification Of Hemorrhagic Shock mentioning

confidence: 99%

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2005

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“…Vivaldi et al 13 attempting to standardize hemorrhagic shock in dogs, observed that the volume of initial bleeding, as well as the maximum volume removed from the animals did not correlate with the mortality of the animals. They also reported that the duration of the hypotensive period had only relative importance.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fatal and metabolic experimental hemorrhagic shock in immature swine

et al. 2017

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“…We would like to emphasize that the "point of no-return (PNR)" is a critical event, whose validity is restricted to the present experimental model (Vivaldi, et al 1983), since in the human clinic it is seldom possible to detect signs or symptoms that may indicate the beginning of the fatal outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeostasis and Heterostasis: from Invariant to Dimensionless Numbers

Günther

Morgado

Jiménez³

2003

Biol. Res.

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In the present paper we have examined the applicability of dimensionless and invariant numbers (DN & IN) to the analysis of the cardiovascular system of mammals, whose functions were measured at standard metabolic conditions. The calculated IN did not change when we compared these figures with those obtained in dogs while they were submitted to graded exercise on a treadmill. In both instances, rest and exercise, the constancy of the IN prevailed, in accordance with Cannon's principle of "homeostasis" (1929). On the contrary, when dogs were examined during a standardized hypovolemic shock, we observed a breakdown of the IN, and the resulting DN evolved as a reliable index of the condition of "heterostasis" as defined by H. Selye. The robustness of the homeostatic regulations is based on high-gain integral feedback mechanisms, while "heterostasis" could be associated with low-gain integral feedback processes, when organisms are submitted to unitary step disturbances or to changes of the set-point at the entrance of the feedback loop.

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Experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs: Standardization

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

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A fatal and metabolic experimental hemorrhagic shock in immature swine

Homeostasis and Heterostasis: from Invariant to Dimensionless Numbers

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