Experimental Infection of Human Subjects with Strongyloides Species

Freedman, David O.

doi:10.1093/clinids/13.6.1221

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…It is possible that this aspect of immunity is a characteristic of the primate model. In fact, despite divergences in the specialized literature, studies conducted in the first half of the twentieth century involving human beings suggested the possibility that resistance to reinfection by S. stercoralis was occurring, even if only partially (Freedman 1991). In the present study, despite the absence of eggs from the stool samples of the spontaneously cured marmosets that were subjected to a new inoculation of 3000 L3 of S. venezuelensis, the idea that immature parasites or infertile adult females may have inhabited the intestinal mucosa of these reinfected hosts at some point in time cannot be totally refuted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Callithrix penicillata as a nonhuman primate model for strongyloidiasis

2012

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In order to better understand experimental strongyloidiasis in small New World primates, and to evaluate aspects of reinfection and immunosuppression induced by glucocorticoids, nine specimens of Callithrix penicillata (Primates: Cebidae) were administered (by subcutaneous injection, sc) 3000 infective larvae of a strain of Strongyloides venezuelensis (Rhabditida: Strongyloididae) that had been maintained in successive passages through AKR/J mice since 1987. The mean prepatent period was 5.6 ± 0.7 days post-infection (DPI). The mean patent period of infection among the untreated animals (marmosets 1-7) was 123.4 ± 61.4 DPI. Two animals (marmosets 8 and 9) received dexamethasone (2.5 mg/kg, sc) for five consecutive days starting on the 20th day after infection, but this treatment did not alter the course of the infection, and the patent period for these animals was 100.5 ± 58.7 DPI (59 and 142, respectively). Stool examination showed that the highest quantities of parasite eggs were expelled between the 8th and 19th days after inoculation of the larvae. Thereafter, there was a gradual reduction in the number of parasite eggs in feces of all marmosets. During the chronic phase of the infection, before completely negative parasitological findings were obtained, the parasitological examinations were intermittently positive. Reinfection of three of these animals did not result in new positive examinations. However, given the receptiveness of these animals to initial infection with S. venezuelensis and their similarities to human beings, it is proposed that C. penicillata could be used as a nonhuman primate model for experimental strongyloidiasis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Callithrix penicillata as a nonhuman primate model for strongyloidiasis

2012

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“…From experimental human infections, it is known that a local reaction at the site of larval entry can occur almost immediately and may last up to several weeks (31). Pulmonary symptoms such as a cough and tracheal irritation, mimicking bronchitis, occur as larvae migrate through the lungs several days later.…”

Section: Acute Strongyloidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Strongyloides stercoralisin the Immunocompromised Population

2004

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Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S. stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy, malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and underlying condition put them at increased risk

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“…It is extremely uncommon to see the acute infection in clinical practice; reports are mainly in volunteers [35]. Chronic intestinal infection (latent) occurs mainly in endemic countries and occasionally is seen in travelers, immigrants, and refugees [36, 37••].…”

Section: Clinical Syndromes In Strongyloides Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Strongyloidiasis in the Immunocompromised Host

Marcos

Terashima

Canales

et al. 2010

Curr Infect Dis Rep

148

126

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Immunocompromised persons are the most vulnerable population at risk for developing life-threatening clinical syndromes associated with strongyloidiasis, such as hyperinfection syndrome (HS) or dissemination. This review focuses on describing Strongyloides infection in the immunocompromised host, including immune response against this infection, analyzing the cases with HS published during the past 4 years in the United States, and describing the most sensitive diagnostic tools and the most effective treatment for each clinical syndrome. Strongyloidiasis is becoming an important parasitic disease in the United States, especially in the immunocompromised immigrant population. Because the transplant population is particularly at risk for developing HS, both recipients and donors should be screened for Strongyloides. Clinicians should also be aware that the development of HS can follow unexpectedly a few days after appropriate anthelminthic therapy. Highly sensitive screening tests are still not available in the major tertiary medical centers. Parenteral ivermectin has been used in some severe cases. Further therapy developments and improving diagnostic tools are warranted.

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Experimental Infection of Human Subjects with Strongyloides Species

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Callithrix penicillata as a nonhuman primate model for strongyloidiasis

Callithrix penicillata as a nonhuman primate model for strongyloidiasis

Strongyloides stercoralisin the Immunocompromised Population

Update on Strongyloidiasis in the Immunocompromised Host

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