Experimental Infection of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) with West Nile Virus

Root, J. Jeffrey; Bentler, Kevin T.; Nemeth, Nicole M.; Gidlewski, Thomas; Spraker, Terry R.; Franklin, Alan B.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0173

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Among these three species, only raccoons have been evaluated experimentally for amplifying host status; peak viremia titers below the threshold of infection for Culex pipiens suggest raccoons play a limited role in virus transmission. 48 West Nile virus-positive mosquito pools and human cases were reported within Ontario in 2015 and 2016, 46 during which time these seropositive mammals were likely infected based on their age and average life expectancy. 40,41 These data are consistent with prior serosurveys in other regions, such as Colorado, where multiple mammalian species, including fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), raccoons, striped skunks, and Virginia opossums, were seropositive for WNV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powassan Virus and Other Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Wildlife and Ticks in Ontario, Canada

Smith

Oesterle

Jardine

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne zoonosis maintained in natural enzootic cycles between ixodid ticks and wild mammals. Reported human cases have increased in recent years; these infections can be fatal or lead to long-term neurologic sequelae. However, both the geographic distribution and the role of common, potential mammalian hosts in POWV transmission are poorly understood, creating challenges to public health surveillance. We looked for evidence of POWV infection among candidate wildlife host species and ticks collected from mammals and birds in southern Ontario. Tissues (including blood) and ticks from trapped wild mammals were collected in the summers of 2015 and 2016. Ticks removed from dogs in 2015-2016 and wildlife diagnostic cases from 2011 to 2013 were also included. Tissue and tick ( spp.) homogenates were tested for POWV by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, sera from wild mammals were tested for antibodies to POWV, West Nile virus (WNV), and heartland virus (HRTV) by plaque reduction neutralization test. All 724 tissue samples were negative for POWV by RT-PCR. One of 53 pools of (among 98 total tick pools) was RT-PCR positive for deer tick virus (POWV) lineage. Antibodies to POWV and WNV were detected in 0.4% of 265 and 6.1% of 264 samples, respectively, and all of 219 serum samples tested negative for anti-HRTV antibodies. These results reveal low POWV detection rates in southern Ontario, while highlighting the challenges and need for continued efforts into understanding POWV epidemiology and targeted surveillance strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powassan Virus and Other Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Wildlife and Ticks in Ontario, Canada

Smith

Oesterle

Jardine

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) were thought to be potential reservoirs and amplifiers of WNV in Europe but that hypothesis is still surrounded by controversies and requires more studies [ 230 , 231 ]. Seroprevalences studies of WNV in raccoons in the USA have reported WNV seroprevalence ranging between 34–54% [ 230 , 232 , 233 ].…”

Section: Wnv Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

et al. 2020

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West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.

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“…Although small mammals can become infected with WNV and outbreaks in humans and horses regularly occur, mammalian infection is not thought to substantially contribute to viral maintenance in nature. [3][4][5][6][7] The envelope (E) protein of most flaviviruses contains an N-linked glycosylation site at amino acids 153/154; DENV contains a second site at E protein amino acid 67. Glycosylation of the E protein is not required for virion formation or infectivity because naturally non-glycosylated isolates of St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and WNV have been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Requirement of Glycosylation of West Nile Virus Envelope Protein for Infection of, but Not Spread within, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Vectors

Moudy¹,

Payne²,

Dodson³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Most of sequenced West Nile virus (WNV) genomes encode a single N-linked glycosylation site on their envelope (E) proteins. We previously found that WNV lacking the E protein glycan was severely inhibited in its ability to replicate and spread within two important mosquito vector species, Culex pipiens and Cx. tarsalis. However, recent work with a closely related species, Cx. pipiens pallens, found no association between E protein glycosylation and either replication or dissemination. To examine this finding further, we expanded upon our previous studies to include an additional Culex species, Cx. quinquefasciatus. The non-glycosylated WNV-N154I virus replicated less efficiently in mosquito tissues after intrathoracic inoculation, but there was little difference in replication efficiency in the midgut after peroral infection. Interestingly, although infectivity was inhibited when WNV lacked the E protein glycan, there was little difference in viral spread throughout the mosquito. These data indicate that E protein glycosylation affects WNV–vector interactions in a species-specific manner.

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Experimental Infection of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) with West Nile Virus

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Powassan Virus and Other Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Wildlife and Ticks in Ontario, Canada

Powassan Virus and Other Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Wildlife and Ticks in Ontario, Canada

West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

Requirement of Glycosylation of West Nile Virus Envelope Protein for Infection of, but Not Spread within, Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Vectors

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