Experimental infection of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes

Mörner, Torsten; Christensson, Dan

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(84)90031-1

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, although Pence et al (1983) and Balestrieri et al (2006) described lesions on the heads of foxes with focal-extensive mange (classes I and II), we found that these body areas were only affected in cases with generalized lesions (class III). Selfscratching and -biting due to intense pruritus (Borg et al, 1976;Mö rner and Christensson, 1984) has been proposed as an explanation for the spontaneous spreading of lesions from rear body parts to the head (Pence et al, 1983;Balestrieri et al, 2006). The absence of visible scratch wounds indicative of severe pruritus in our foxes may explain the absence of the corresponding spreading pattern of MLL.…”

Section: Macroscopic Skin Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Nevertheless, we found only a low percentage of foxes with asymmetric focal lesions. In most cases, early lesions were localized on the ischial region and progressed from there, as described in Swedish foxes (Mö rner and Christensson, 1984). The consistency of this initial localization suggests that mites have predilection sites and that the Fig.…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 64%

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Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Nimmervoll

Hoby

Robert

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease that can have a devastating impact on affected wild mammal populations. There are notable variations in the clinical and pathologic picture of sarcoptic mange among species and among conspecifics. However, the origin of these variations is unclear. We propose a classification scheme for skin lesions associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infestation to provide a basis for a subsequent risk factor analysis. We conducted a casecontrol study focused on macroscopic and histologic examination of the skin, using 279 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) found dead or shot in Switzerland between November 2004 and February 2006. All animals were submitted to gross necropsy following a detailed protocol. Selection criteria for cases (n5147) vs. controls (n5111) were the presence or absence of mange-like lesions, mite detection by isolation or histologic examination, and serologic testing for S. scabiei antibodies. Characteristic features of mange lesions were scored macroscopically in all foxes and histologically in 67 cases and 15 controls. We classified skin lesions and associated necropsy findings into three types of mange: A) early stage (n545): focal-extensive skin lesions, thin crusts, mild to moderate alopecia, few mites, numerous eosinophils, and mild lymph node enlargement; B) hyperkeratotic, fatal form (n586): generalized skin lesions, thick crusts with or without alopecia, foul odor, abundance of mites, numerous bacteria and yeasts, numerous lymphocytes and mast cells, severe lymph node enlargement, and emaciation; C) alopecic, healing form (n516): focal lesions, no crusts, severe alopecia, hyperpigmentation and lichenification, absence of mites, mixed cell infiltration, and rare mild lymph node enlargement. We hypothesize that after stage A, the animal either enters stage B and dies, or stage C and survives, depending on largely unknown extrinsic or intrinsic factors affecting the host ability to control mite infestation.

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Section: Macroscopic Skin Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 64%

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Nimmervoll

Hoby

Robert

et al. 2013

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Approximately one month after exposure, infected foxes commonly develop skin lesions characteristic of hyperkeratosis (Bornstein et al 1995). Severe loss of hair and progressive deterioration of body condition then follows and, in the majority of observed cases, infected foxes eventually die from starvation (MÎrner & Christensson 1984).…”

Section: (A) the Species And The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By considerably reducing its abundance (4 70%), this epizootic revealed the Nordic red fox as an important factor in limiting prey populations of hares and grouse (Danell & HÎrnfeldt 1987;LindstrÎm 1992;LindstrÎm et al 1994;Asferg 1996;Smedshaug et al 1999) as well as showing its competitive dominance of other northern predators (LindstrÎm et al 1995;Asferg 1998;SelÔs 1998;Smedshaug et al 1999). These studies focused primarily on the numerical responses of fox populations, their prey and competitors, while others focused on the clinical aspects of sarcoptic mange (MÎrner & Christensson 1984;Bornstein et al 1995;Little et al 1998a,b;Martin et al 1998), but studies on how sarcoptic mange a¡ects the structural dynamics (i.e. how population growth relates to abundance) in red fox populations are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invading parasites cause a structural shift in red fox dynamics

Forchhammer

Asferg²

2000

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The in£uence of parasites on host life histories and populations is pronounced. Among several diseases a¡ecting animal populations throughout the world, sarcoptic mange has in£uenced many carnivore populations dramatically and during the latest epizootic in Fennoscandia reduced the abundance of red fox by over 70%. While the numerical responses of red fox populations, their prey and their competitors as well as clinical implications are well known, knowledge of how sarcoptic mange a¡ects the structure of the dynamics of red fox populations is lacking. Integrating ecological theory and statistical modelling, we analysed the long-term dynamics (1955^1996) of 14 Danish red fox populations. As suggested by the model, invading sarcoptic mange signi¢cantly a¡ected direct and delayed density dependence in red fox dynamics and concomitant shifts in £uctuation patterns were observed. Our statistical analyses also revealed that the spatial progressive spread of mange mites was mirrored in the autocovariate structures of red fox populations progressively exposed to sarcoptic mange.

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“…Clinical sign of accelerated muscle catabolism has also been documented (Newman et al 2002). Scabies infested red foxes normally die after a few weeks, but some may live as long as 9 months (Mörner & Christensson 1984;Newman et al 2002), probably depending on several factors such as concomitant and/or secondary infections, food availability and weather. All these factors may potentially affect population dynamics due to increased mortality and reduced reproduction.…”

Section: Disease Effects On Host At Population Level Some Effects On mentioning

confidence: 99%

The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective

et al. 2015

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Mites constitute an old cosmopolitan group, abundant in various terrestrial and aquatic habitats of considerable environmental variations. The majority of mites are free-living, whereas some have evolved parasitic relationships with a variety of animals either as endo-or ectoparasites. The ectoparasitic and skin burrowing Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati, cause sarcoptic and notoedric mange among a variety of mammalian species, including humans. In a non-adequate host these mites lead to pseudo-scabies which is often self-curable. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent knowledge on the taxonomy, life cycles and pathology of these two mites, which are of relevance to Fennoscandian wildlife, by considering knowledge on transmission vectors, host immunology, and some documented outbreaks. These mites affect the health and survival of mammals in four ways; 1) skin tissue damages, 2) loss of body fluids, 3) allergic reactions and 4) secondary bacterial infections. A short-term effect of outbreaks is usually high mortality, and long-term effects vary from extinction to biased population structure to no effect at all. Red foxes are generalist predators that are important end-hosts for mites that develop disease depending on their immunity status, and transmit mites to other hosts. Outbreaks of mange may possibly have ecological consequences on a wider scale. In an endangered species, like the arctic fox or Eurasian lynx, loss of only a few individuals can be critical. It might be wise for management authorities to develop emergency plans to minimize consequences of outbreaks of sarcoptic or notoedric mange in threatened species such as the arctic fox and the lynx.

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Experimental infection of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Sarcoptes scabiei var. vulpes

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Pathology of Sarcoptic Mange in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes): Macroscopic and Histologic Characterization of Three Disease Stages

Invading parasites cause a structural shift in red fox dynamics

The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective

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