Experimental intranasal infection of equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) in suckling hamsters: Kinetics of viral transmission and inflammation in the nasal cavity and brain

El‐Habashi, Nagwan; El‐Nahass, El‐Shaymaa; Fukushi, Hideto; Hibi, Daisuke; Sakai, Hiroki; Sasseville, Vito G.; Yanai, Tokuma

doi:10.3109/13550284.2010.489596

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In vivo, herpesviruses demonstrate a tropism for the olfactory epithelium but not the respiratory epithelium (350)(351)(352)(353). Expression of the herpesvirus receptors heparan sulfate and nectin-1 on the apical side of the olfactory epithelium may facilitate binding to the neuroepithelium (350,351).…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the respiratory epithelium, these receptors are either expressed on the basal side of the epithelium (and are thus inaccessible) or not highly expressed (350,351). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (354), bovine herpesvirus 5 (355), and equine herpesvirus 9 (352,356) spread from the nasal mucosa to the CNS via the olfactory nerves in animal models of infection. In bovine herpesvirus 5 CNS invasion, the viral protein Us9 and the glycine-rich epitope region of glycoprotein E are required for transport from the olfactory sensory neurons to the olfactory bulb (353,357).…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

et al. 2014

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SUMMARY The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells within the central nervous system (CNS) are capable of producing an immune response against invading pathogens. Nonetheless, a range of pathogenic microbes make their way to the CNS, and the resulting infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bacteria, amoebae, fungi, and viruses are capable of CNS invasion, with the latter using axonal transport as a common route of infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens reach the CNS and infect the brain. In particular, we focus on recent data regarding mechanisms of bacterial translocation from the nasal mucosa to the brain, which represents a little explored pathway of bacterial invasion but has been proposed as being particularly important in explaining how infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei can result in melioidosis encephalomyelitis.

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Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

et al. 2014

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“…Suckling hamsters have been used in the past to elucidate the pathogenesis of various viruses, including the mumps virus, via intracerebral inoculation, 23,33 and recently, the suckling hamster model was used to study the spread of EHV-9 from the nasal cavity to the brain by nasal inoculation. 8 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ocular Infection Model Using Suckling Hamsters Inoculated With Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9)

et al. 2012

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By using a new member of the neurotropic equine herpesviruses, EHV-9, which induced encephalitis in various species via various routes, an ocular infection model was developed in suckling hamsters. The suckling hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9 via the conjunctival route and were sacrificed after 6,12,24,36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours (h) post inoculation (PI). Three horizontal sections of the brains, including the eyes and cranial cavity, were examined histologically to assess the viral kinetics and time-course neuropathological alterations using a panoramic view. At 6 to 24 h PI, there were various degrees of necrosis in the conjunctival epithelial cells, as well as frequent mononuclear cell infiltrations in the lamina propria and the tarsus of the eyelid, and frequent myositis of the eyelid muscles. At 96 h PI, encephalitis was observed in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. EHV-9 antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the macrophages circulating in the eyelid and around the fine nerve endings supplying the eyelid, the nerves of the extraocular muscles, and the lacrimal glands from 6 h to 144 h PI. At 96 h PI, the viral antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. These results suggest that EHV-9 invaded the brain via the trigeminal nerve in addition to the abducent, oculomotor, and facial nerves. This conjunctival EHV-9 suckling hamster model may be useful in assessing the neuronal spread of neuropathogenic viruses via the eyes to the brain. Keywords EHV-9, eye, suckling hamsters, neuropathogenesis EHV-9, the newest member of the equine herpesvirus family, is a highly neurotropic herpesvirus first isolated in an outbreak of encephalitis in a herd of Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) kept at a zoological garden. 13,36 Although the natural host of EHV-9 and the complete host range are still unknown, a member of the equidae is suspected to be a natural host of EHV-9, as domestic horses (Equus caballus) inoculated intranasally with EHV-9 exhibited only mild encephalitis and there were no resulting deaths. 34 In addition, a high seroprevalence for EHV-9 without any signs was detected among Burchell's zebras (Equus burchelli) in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. 2 Recently, it has been reported that the host range of EHV-9 has expanded to include Grevy's zebras (Equus grevysi) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 7,31 as well as a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).18 EHV-9 is most closely related to the recently re-emergent neurotropic pathogen, EHV-1; however, cleavage by restriction enzymes showed that the DNA fingerprint of EHV-9 is different from that of EHV-1 and other equine herpesviruses. 13Emerging EHV-9 infections are of special interest because there is a wide range of susceptible hosts, which includes mice and rats, 13 hamsters, 12 goats, 35 pigs, 26 dogs and cats, 37,38 and common marmosets. 21 Recently, EHV-9 was used to induce encephalitis in hamsters by different routes of inoculation, including th...

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“…At 48 h PI, EHV-9 antigen was detected in most of the olfactory receptor neurons as well as in the central processes of the olfactory epithelial neurons, olfactory nerve and olfactory bulb. The olfactory epithelium offer direct free surface on the internal lining of the nasal cavity, after propagation in olfactory receptor neurons, the virus could travel directly through olfactory nerve to the brain while the terminal nerve endings of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve lie in the submucosa and could be only infected with the virus if the epithelial surface is damaged and consequently the axons are directly exposed to the virus and this suggested from suckling hamster experiment as well as common marmoset which showed necrotizing rhinitis as well as late access of the virus to the trigeminal nerve, pons and medulla oblongata (El-Habashi et al, 2010b;Kodama et al, 2007). One study compared various routes of experimental EHV-9 inoculation in Syrian hamsters , including intranasal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraocular, and subcutaneous routes, but only intranasal inoculation induced disease.…”

Section: Neuropathogenesis Of Ehv-9 By Experimental Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To access transmission of EHV-9 in the nasal cavity and brain, a sagittal model using suckling hamsters was developed, and proved useful in detecting viral transmission as well as extension of pathological lesions using the sagittal section of the head (El-Habashi et al, 2010b). Suckling hamsters were inoculated intranasally with EHV-9, and were sacrificed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h PI.…”

Section: Neuropathogenesis Of Ehv-9 By Experimental Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virology and Pathology of Encephalitis in Alien Hosts by Neurotropic Equine Herpesvirus 9

Fukushi¹,

Yanai²

2011

Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Experimental intranasal infection of equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) in suckling hamsters: Kinetics of viral transmission and inflammation in the nasal cavity and brain

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

Pathogens Penetrating the Central Nervous System: Infection Pathways and the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Invasion

An Ocular Infection Model Using Suckling Hamsters Inoculated With Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9)

Virology and Pathology of Encephalitis in Alien Hosts by Neurotropic Equine Herpesvirus 9

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