“…A heat sink is considered one of the conventional approaches to address thermal issues in high-power LED lighting (Bobaru and Rachakonda, 2004;Bouknadel et al, 2014;Lee, 1995). For the improved thermal management, alternative methods such as jet impact cooling, phase-change cooling, and the use of nanofluids have been reported (Chen et al, 2022;Jiu et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2012;Moradikazerouni, 2022;Naphon et al, 2018;Ramos-Alvarado et al, 2013;Ramesh et al, 2022). While these methods offer enhanced the heat dissipation, they often require the use of a fan, complex and costly designs, and regular maintenance, leading to disadvantages such as extra additional energy consumption, bulkier systems, and significant noise levels (Lai et al, 2017).…”