Experimental Investigation of Lime Mortar Used in Historical Buildings in Becin, Turkey

Solak, Adem

doi:10.5755/j01.ms.22.1.9022

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…As a building fabric, these pore structures are responsible for the mortar's durability against environmental conditions as they accommodate growth of ice crystal within, in frost periods, without deteriorating the matrix [8], [9]. The permeability feature also reduces moisture entrapment within, a phenomenon known as "breathability" [8], [10]- [12]. Increased bond between mortar and substrate is facilitated through lime mortar's enhanced workability resulting from its high water retention property [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore Structure as a Determinant of Flexibility in Sustainable Lime-Cement Mortar Composites

Olaniyan

2021

EJENG

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Flexibility of Lime Mortar resulting from its good permeability feature through its relatively large interconnected pore structure makes it popular as an old sustainable building material. This characteristic feature enhances its capability to suppress masonry deformation. However, its mechanical strength is weak. To address this shortcoming, cement is added to form a stronger composite. This study, therefore, evaluates the pore structure of the resulting lime-cement composite, with a view to assessing impact and sustainability of the lime’s flexibility in the overall performance of the composite. Adopting equal mix ratio (1:3) of Binder/Aggregate (B/A), mortars were prepared using lime as a lone binder, as well as other five different compositions in the ascending and descending order of lime and cement binders (i.e., 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1). Each composition was assessed in fresh state using Water/Binder ratio, Air Content and Bulk Density. For the hardened state assessments, mechanical characteristics and microstructural features evaluated through six (6) and twelve (12) month curing periods respectively, were considered. Results of the investigation reveal that low cumulative porosity (i.e., summation of the porosities) across the three pore regions of Inter-Nano pores (1 – 10 nm), Super-Nano pores (10 – 100 nm) and Sub-Micro pores (0.1 – 1 µm), for each of the mortars, is observed to be synonymous with low cement content, low Modulus of Elasticity, low (fc/ff), and thus, high flexibility. This observation is supported by high linear coefficient of correlation (R2 = 0.89) for the equation describing both ‘cumulative porosity’ (within the referenced three pore ranges) and cement content. Thus, it could be inferred that despite cement addition with resulting alteration in the pore structure of the composite, presence of lime would retain flexibility property of the composites, with more flexibility in the descending order of cement contents. Considering the impacts of pandemic climate change, growing energy costs and human activities on the environment, this study therefore attempts to promote revival of an old but partially abandoned sustainable lime based mortars, with a view to facilitating improved lime mortar performances, conservation of energy resources and overall protection of the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pore Structure as a Determinant of Flexibility in Sustainable Lime-Cement Mortar Composites

Olaniyan

2021

EJENG

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“…It is a plastic material that is slow to harden but allows movements within the mortar joints, without compromising its structural stability. Lime mortar has also been shown to exhibit great permeability, which enables it to reduce moisture entrapment, a phenomenon known as "breathability" [12][13][14][15]. Greater environmental awareness of its ASTESJ ISSN: 2415-6698 advantages in terms of carbon dioxide emissions during manufacture (20% less than that of cement) and subsequent adsorption during carbonation promotes its use [13,16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Carbon Sustainable Building Material: Maximizing Slag Potentials for Improved Lime Mortar Mechanical Properties

Olaniya¹

2020

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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Prior to the 19th century discovery of Portland Cement (PC), Lime Based Mortar remained popular due to its flexibility, permeability and more importantly, associated low carbon emissions. However, lime's characteristic delayed setting/hardening time, low mechanical strength, poor internal cohesion and some volumetric changes have overshadowed significance of its outstanding features particularly, flexibility, and consequently put its overall use into decline. This study therefore aims at integrating an industrial by-product, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (slag) with lime, in form of lime-slag mortar, with a view to addressing lime shortcomings for improved performance. The methodology involved mortars with the same Binder/Aggregate (B/A) mix ratio (1:3) using five separate volumetric compositions of 'lime-slag' binders (i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1). Physical properties of the mortars involving their Water/Binder (W/B) ratios, Air Contents and Bulk Densities were recorded. Comparative evaluations of the compositions in hardened state, involving mechanical characteristics, were carried out at specific intervals through a twelve-month curing period. These were partly monitored through assessments of the composites' microstructural behaviours over a six-month period. Results of the investigation show that addition of slag to mortars facilitate slightly larger pores with increased porosity. These effects are however minimal (i.e. from 23.42% to 25.37% porosity) when slag content is at equal volumetric content with lime. Also, at this same volumetric composition, the results show beneficial effects of slag on the composite's mechanical properties; while the flexural strength is increased by 50%, the compressive strength is improved by about 250%. Despite the improved mechanical characteristics, the composite exhibits comparable (with lime only) capacity for deformation absorptions, thus, preserving lime's known fundamental flexibility property. This is important for material's durability, and overall sustainable constructions.

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“…Other sources stated that the compressive strength of mortars obtained from hydraulic lime can be quite low depending on the materials used and other factors. A study investigating the ancient brickwork in Becin (Turkey, 14th century) reported the compressive strength of hydraulic lime mortar to be 1.00–3.86 MPa [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Mortar in the Historic Retaining Wall of the Gediminas Castle Hill (Vilnius, Lithuania)

et al. 2018

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This study analysed the results of the joint research into the building materials of the historic masonry of the retaining wall of the Gediminas Castle Hill dating back to the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries. Core samples for material testing were collected along the entire height of the retaining wall to assess its load bearing capacity. Boreholes were drilled 600–1000 mm from the exterior of the wall to determine the properties of the ceramic bricks and lime mortar that were not affected by external factors. The analysis of the microstructure and chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties of the ceramic bricks and lime mortar is presented. The high compressive strength (8.5 MPa) of the lime mortar was the result of using hydraulic lime and crumbs of ceramic bricks as mortar aggregate.

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Experimental Investigation of Lime Mortar Used in Historical Buildings in Becin, Turkey

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Pore Structure as a Determinant of Flexibility in Sustainable Lime-Cement Mortar Composites

Pore Structure as a Determinant of Flexibility in Sustainable Lime-Cement Mortar Composites

Low Carbon Sustainable Building Material: Maximizing Slag Potentials for Improved Lime Mortar Mechanical Properties

Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Mortar in the Historic Retaining Wall of the Gediminas Castle Hill (Vilnius, Lithuania)

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