Experimental investigation of precipitation reactions under homogeneous mixing conditions

Manth, Thomas; Mignon, D.; Offermann, H.

doi:10.1016/0009-2509(96)00116-9

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The effect of mixing intensity on precipitation of ionic compounds was studied for barium sulfate by Schwarzer and Peukert and by Judat and Kind and for strontium sulfate by Manth and Mignon . It was found that from a certain mixing intensity (Reynolds number) the CSD remained unchanged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Nucleation Rate Measurements in Precipitation Processes

Roelands

Horst

Kramer

et al. 2006

Crystal Growth & Design

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For precipitation processes, measurement of the nucleation rate as a function of supersaturation is not so easy because the formation of the precipitate is fast and often hard to control due to the high supersaturation. For a number of studies on both ionic and molecular precipitating compounds, the experimental methods are discussed. From the experimentally determined nucleation rates, the probable nucleation mechanism, homogeneous or heterogeneous, is derived and compared to the theoretically expected mechanism. For all ionic compounds and for one molecular compound considered in this work, theoretically homogeneous nucleation is achievable. However, only for two ionic compounds, barium sulfate and boehmite, the measurements possibly indicated a homogeneous nucleation mechanism. For the other studies, including all molecular compounds, a heterogeneous mechanism was more likely. The difference between a theoretically expected and experimentally observed mechanism may be explained by not only the use of less suitable experimental methods and measurement techniques but also by secondary processes, such as agglomeration and transformation, taking place in the precipitated suspension. On the basis of these findings, an experimental procedure is suggested to standardize and to improve nucleation rate measurements in precipitation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Nucleation Rate Measurements in Precipitation Processes

Roelands

Horst

Kramer

et al. 2006

Crystal Growth & Design

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“…It has been pointed out that reprecipitation is a complex process where mixing of the two solutions and particle formation occur simultaneously [1,[18][19][20][21]. In this study, we have utilized a stopped-flow apparatus equipped with a well-designed mixing chamber for mixing the solvents in a rapid and reproducible manner, enabling direct observation of the particle formation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stopped-flow analysis on the mechanism of perylene nanoparticle formation by the reprecipitation method

Mori

Miyashita

Oliveira

et al. 2009

Journal of Crystal Growth

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“…It is well known that hydrodynamics can influence the drug precipitation in relation with nucleation and crystal growth processes of drug molecules [175,176]. Depending on the applied hydrodynamics, a higher drug molecule diffusivity in a solution has been shown to cause an increase in the nucleation rate.…”

Section: Hydrodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status of Supersaturable Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems

Park

Kim

2020

Pharmaceutics

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Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) are a vital strategy to enhance the bioavailability (BA) of formulations of poorly water-soluble compounds. However, these formulations have certain limitations, including in vivo drug precipitation, poor in vitro in vivo correlation due to a lack of predictive in vitro tests, issues in handling of liquid formulation, and physico-chemical instability of drug and/or vehicle components. To overcome these limitations, which restrict the potential usage of such systems, the supersaturable SEDDSs (su-SEDDSs) have gained attention based on the fact that the inclusion of precipitation inhibitors (PIs) within SEDDSs helps maintain drug supersaturation after dispersion and digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. This improves the BA of drugs and reduces the variability of exposure. In addition, the formulation of solid su-SEDDSs has helped to overcome disadvantages of liquid or capsule dosage form. This review article discusses, in detail, the current status of su-SEDDSs that overcome the limitations of conventional SEDDSs. It discusses the definition and range of su-SEDDSs, the principle mechanisms underlying precipitation inhibition and enhanced in vivo absorption, drug application cases, biorelevance in vitro digestion models, and the development of liquid su-SEDDSs to solid dosage forms. This review also describes the effects of various physiological factors and the potential interactions between PIs and lipid, lipase or lipid digested products on the in vivo performance of su-SEDDSs. In particular, several considerations relating to the properties of PIs are discussed from various perspectives.Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 365 2 of 57 intraluminal supersaturation and the biorelevance of supersaturation assays will be addressed. Finally, we will make suggestions for the successful development of su-SEDDs.There are many review articles that give useful information about the nature and application of supersaturable drug delivery systems or conventional SEDDSs. However, these reviews cover only a limited range of su-SEDDSs. Therefore, this review, which includes the current status of technology focused only on su-SEDDSs, is a valuable addition to the previous review literature because no review article currently covers such a wide range of su-SEDDSs. Conventional Solubilized SEDDSsThere has been a steady increase in the number of new drug candidates (almost 40%) that are highly hydrophobic and poorly water-soluble. The oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is hindered by low solubility and slow dissolution in the aqueous environment of the GIT. Thus, it is a great challenge for pharmaceutical scientists to overcome the inherent slow dissolution and poor oral absorption of hydrophobic drugs [1][2][3][4]. SEDDSs have emerged as a promising approach to improving the biopharmaceutical performance of hydrophobic drugs by enhancing their bioavailability [5,6].An SEDDS is a pre-concentrate composed of a drug, oils, surfactants, and sometimes co-solvents and/or co-surfactan...

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Experimental investigation of precipitation reactions under homogeneous mixing conditions

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Analysis of Nucleation Rate Measurements in Precipitation Processes

Analysis of Nucleation Rate Measurements in Precipitation Processes

Stopped-flow analysis on the mechanism of perylene nanoparticle formation by the reprecipitation method

Current Status of Supersaturable Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems

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