Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Fabrics and Powder Fillers

Sałasińska, Kamila; Kirpļuks, Miķelis; Cabulis, Peteris; Kovaļovs, Andrejs; Skukis, Eduard; Kozikowski, Paweł; Celiński, Maciej; Mizera, Kamila; Gałecka, Marta; Kalniņš, Kaspars; Cābulis, Uģis

doi:10.3390/pr9050738

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In the case of GACBF composites, matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination around the impact point were observed [ 43 ]. The failure mode is similar to well-known damage modes in laminates, which depend on the impact energy and impactor shapes [ 31 ]. The most significant visible delamination around the impact point, reaching approximately 44 mm, was noted for GACBF manufactured by the hand lay-up method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Moreover, the properties’ evaluation was related to the microstructure analysis carried out before and after the cone calorimetry tests. The investigation constituted a continuation of the results presented in our previous work [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Samples were kept under a vacuum until the curing process was completely finished. After the forming process and based on our previous work [ 31 ], the laminates were cured at room temperature for 72 h and post-cured at 70 °C for the next 3 h. Last, the composites were cut precisely for conducting the measurements. Each composite consisted of five two-ply layers and was produced in two different arrangements: glass/aramid/carbon/basalt/flax (GACBF) or aramid/glass/carbon/basalt/flax (AGCBF), and Table 1 summarizes the configurations of produced specimens.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites

et al. 2022

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The production of hybrid layered composites allows comprehensive modification of their properties and adaptation to the final expectations. Different methods, such as hand lay-up, vacuum bagging, and resin infusion were applied to manufacture the hybrid composites. In turn, fabrics used for manufacturing composites were made of glass (G), aramid (A), carbon (C), basalt (B), and flax (F) fibers. Flexural, puncture impact behavior, and cone calorimetry tests were applied to establish the effect of the manufacturing method and the fabrics layout on the mechanical and fire behavior of epoxy-based laminates. The lowest flammability and smoke emission were noted for composites made by vacuum bagging (approximately 40% lower values of total smoke release compared with composites made by the hand lay-up method). It was demonstrated that multi-layer hybrid composites made by vacuum bagging might enhance the fire safety levels and simultaneously maintain high mechanical properties designed for, e.g., the railway and automotive industries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites

et al. 2022

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“…The existence of voids between and within the layers is caused by the poor saturation of the matrix. In turn, their presence in the outer layer may result from the excessively long use of vacuum [ 17 ]. Differences in the appearance and directionality of fabrics made it possible to separate out the various layers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Approach to Testing Antivandal Composite Materials as a Function of Their Thickness and Striker Shape—A Case Study

Irzmańska,

Mizera,

Litwicka

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Our research material comprised antivandal fire-retardant hybrid composites modified with inorganic and organic fillers intended for application in public transport vehicles. This paper presents an approach to studying their impact strength as a function of the composite thickness (3 to 6 mm) and striker shape (hemispherical, semicylindrical, wedge-shaped) used in the experimental stand. Group A composites, made of single fabric layers (n = 5), were thinner and their impact strength was lower by 73% than that for Group B composites made of double fabric layers. Study results show an almost threefold improvement in impact strength for a thickness increase of as little as 0.3 mm. Statistical analysis (the Shapiro–Wilk test, p > 0.05) did not show any significant differences in the quantitative evaluation of changes (n = 3) on the surface of the examined materials caused by impacts with strikers of different shapes. In turn, a linear correlation (Shapiro-Wilk test, W = 0.0857, p = 0.022) was found between impact strength and the thickness of the studied materials. It was observed that appropriate arrangement of fabrics and powder fillers can lead to a different distribution of forces and energy absorbed by the tested material. A lower impact strength was observed for the composite which had powder fillers in its composition, which caused the formation of microvoids in the structure of the material and thus led to a weakening in their strength properties. An effect of the placement of the glass fabric layer in the composite on the results was also observed. Moreover, SEM evaluation of the composites revealed their layered structure and the impregnation of woven fabrics with resin.

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“…In addition, they can provide, for example, a reduction in manufacturing costs [5]. Their tasks are also to reduce the brittleness of the cured resin [6,7]; increase mechanical strength [8,9]; increase resistance to dynamic loads [10]; improve chemical [11], dielectric [12,13] and thermal resistance [14,15]; minimize flammability [16] and smokiness [17] and in general, expand the range of applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Epoxides with Metallic Fillers—Mechanical Properties after Ageing in Aqueous Environments

Rudawska,

Szabelski,

Frigione

et al. 2023

Materials

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The aim of this research was a comparative analysis of selected mechanical properties of epoxy compounds that were modified with metallic fillers and aged in aqueous environments. The tested epoxy compounds consisted of three components: styrene modified epoxy resin based on Bisphenol A, triethylenetetramine curing agent (resin/curing agent ratio of 100:10) and two types of metallic fillers in the form of particles: aluminum alloy (EN AW-2024–AlCu4Mg1) and tin-phosphor bronze (CuSn10P). Samples were subjected to ageing in 4 water environments: low-, medium- and high-mineralized natural water and in a sugar-containing solution for 1, 2 and 3 months. The epoxy samples were subjected to compressive strength tests in accordance with the ISO 604:2002 standard. It was observed that, among others, the compositions seasoned in low-mineralized water usually achieved the highest average compressive strength. As for filler type, using the bronze filler (CuSn10P) usually achieved the highest average compressive strength results.

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Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Fabrics and Powder Fillers

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites

The Effect of Manufacture Process on Mechanical Properties and Burning Behavior of Epoxy-Based Hybrid Composites

An Approach to Testing Antivandal Composite Materials as a Function of Their Thickness and Striker Shape—A Case Study

Modification of Epoxides with Metallic Fillers—Mechanical Properties after Ageing in Aqueous Environments

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