Asphaltene
deposition on mineral surfaces poses significant challenges
for the oil industry, impacting the extraction efficiency of fluids,
affecting rock wettability, and causing formation damage. The presence
of these heavy molecules in crude oil also causes the fouling of equipment
and catalyst deactivation. Therefore, the molecular-level understanding
of the asphaltene molecules (AM)–surface interactions is crucial
in designing novel, site-specific chemical agents for asphaltene removal.
In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate
the adsorption behavior of five different AMs (both island- and archipelago-type)
on the calcite surface in a dodecane solvent. Using umbrella sampling,
we obtained the potential of mean force of AMs, calculated the adsorption–desorption
barriers, and performed structural and energetic analysis in detail.
In contrast to common observation, we found that not all AMs exhibit
preferential adsorption on the surface; instead, the AM with phenolic
and pyrrolic functional groups were only found to adsorb, while those
with thiophenic and quinoline functional groups faced barriers to
adsorption. AM preferentially adsorbs over the calcium ions of the
surface, facilitated by the strong heteroatom–surface interactions
and supported by the hydrogen bond interactions. Further, the AMs
compete with the solvent molecules for adsorption onto the surface,
and those AMs that have a higher effective configurational energy
get adsorbed. The interaction energy of AMs with the system is independent
of the aromatic size, polarity-dependent on heteroatom, and linearly
dependent on the aliphatic size. These detailed insights into the
role of various parts of AM in its adsorption onto the mineral surface
will facilitate the design of solvents and sorbents for effective
asphaltene removal.