Experimental investigation on the mechanism of variable fan speed control in Open cathode PEM fuel cell

Oberoi

Intl J of Energy Research

2021

Summary This paper addresses the effects of critical parameters that affect the performance and lifespan of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Amongst all, control of excess water content and dehydration in PEM fuel cells is the major issue under various operating conditions. Therefore, their effects on cathode, anode, gas diffusion layer (GDL), catalyst layer (CL), and flow channels are summarized in the initial part of this paper. Various active cooling strategies such as air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change method to extract the waste heat from the stack are represented. The lateral part of this paper throws light on the role of heat pipes, working fluid, and the effect of the addition of nanofluid with pertinent filling ratio (FR) in cooling of PEM fuel cells. This work is intended to aid the selection of cooling methods for PEM fuel cells through the consideration of the variety of affecting parameters preceding major expenditure for wide‐scale production. In future, cost comparison associated with the cooling techniques of the fuel cell would be evaluated.

Section: Thermal Management Of Pem Fuel Cells and Gaps In Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the performance of PEM fuel cells: A review on performance parameters, water management, and cooling techniques

Oberoi

Intl J of Energy Research

2021

“…Penelitian tentang pengaturan kecepatan kipas untuk peralatan kondenser uap berpendingin udara telah dilakukan untuk menghemat penggunaan energi menggunakan metode kontrol closed-loop [5]. Pengaturan kecepatan kipas diaplikasikan pada Open cathode PEM fuel cell (OC-PEMFC) untuk mengetahui efek kecepatan kipas terhadap pembebanan fuel cell yang berbeda-beda [6]. Sistem pengaturan kecepatan kipas berbasis kontroler proportional-integral-derivatif (PID) dikembangkan untuk meminimalkan konsumsi energi peralatan heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC), kecepatan kipas sebagai variabel umpan balik diprediksi menggunakan metode adaptif inferensi fuzzy [7,8].…”

Section: Peningkatan Efisiensi Energi Kipas Sirkulasi Udara DI Panel ...unclassified

Peningkatan Efisiensi Energi Kipas Sirkulasi Udara Di Panel Listrik Melalui Pengaturan Kecepatan

Tadeus

Mangkusasmito

2020

gematek

Internal temperature of electric panel practically depend on the amount of power dissipation generated by the panel components and the outside temperature. If this equilibrium is not maintained then the internal temperature can increase too high beyond the working temperature limit for components so as to shorten the life of panel components. Generally, there are two fans installed to circulate the air inside the panel that operates at fixed speed. In order to improve fan energy efficiency, it is necessary to add a control system that can adjust the fan speed based on actual panel internal temperature. Efforts to increase energy efficiency are realized using cheap hardware and easily available on the market, the ATMEGA 8535 microcontroller and LM 35 temperature sensor. The fan speed is normalized in percent units and expressed virtually using the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal value calculated by the proportional control algorithm inside the controller. The experimental results show that the PWM value can vary with actual panel internal temperature. Using the time constant temperature asumption k1 = 0.2, k2 = 0.4, k3 = 0.2, k4 = 0.2 and experimental data, it was shown by calculations that there was an increase in energy efficiency by 40.8%.

“…In recirculation mode, the residual hydrogen is recirculated back to the supply line by a pump or an ejector after passing through a separator to isolate the fuel from the impurities. The complexity and the high parasitic load of this solution mean that it is rarely used in aerospace applications [26][27][28]. In dead-end mode, the anode is sealed off and a solenoid valve is placed at the outlet to seal the anode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Approaches and Validation Issues for Open-Cathode Fuel Cell Systems in Manned and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Donateo

2024

Energies

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier in all fields of transportation, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and manned vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM). In these applications, one of the biggest challenges is to overcome the limitations of lithium battery technologies, while keeping the advantage of clean energy, at least in terms of direct emissions. For these reasons, there is an ever-increasing interest in the development, simulation, and testing of propulsion systems adopting air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Fuel cells for aerospace must be designed for power-to-weight maximization. For this reason, auxiliary systems are simplified, and the adoption of air-cooling and passive cooling techniques is favored. However, the performance and dynamic behavior of PEMFCs are affected by the operating conditions, which, in applications like UAVs and UAM, are continuously changing due to the variation of speed and altitude during the flight. This investigation analyzes semi-empirical and control-oriented models of fuel cell systems proposed in the scientific literature. The review addresses the whole fuel cell system, inclusive of the balance of the plant, and introduces the transition from dynamic models to digital twins.