“…Similar to the previous papers (Chen et al, 2016; Noda et al, 2016), a 392 kN (400 ton) servo fatigue tester is used, the frequency is set to 5 or 10 Hz, and the mean load Fm is 30 kN. Esmaeili et al found that the tightening torque T can affect the fatigue strength of bolt joints (Esmaeili et al, 2014). To eliminate the effect of tightening torque T , in the fatigue experiments in this study, the tightening torques T = 0.…”