Experimental Manipulation of Putative Selective Agents Provides Evidence for the Role of Natural Enemies in the Evolution of Plant Defense

Mauricio, Rodney; Rausher, Mark D.

doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01467.x

Cited by 352 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…If herbivory is to act as a selective force for plant resistance trait(s), three requirements must be met: (i) there must be phenotypic variability in the plant population in the resistance trait(s); (ii) the trait(s) conferring resistance must be under genetic control; and (iii) the herbivore damage incurred by plants in the absence of the resistance trait(s) must negatively impact the overall fitness of the plant [26,27]. Monoterpenes are typically very variable within conifer populations, including those of Scots pine [28,29].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Iason¹,

O’Reilly-Wapstra

Brewer

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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A central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or nonfunctional. We examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene PSMs within a plant species (Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. We also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, with uncorrelated interactions, is more likely to result in greater PSM diversity, than diffuse coevolution. We tested whether up to 13 different monoterpenes in Scots pine were inhibitory to herbivory by slugs (Arion ater), bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), each of which attack trees at a different life stage. Plants containing more a-pinene were avoided by both slugs and capercaillie, which may act as reinforcing selective agents for this dominant defensive compound. Herbivory by red deer and capercaillie were, respectively, weakly negatively associated with d 3 -carene, and strongly negatively correlated with the minor compound b-ocimene. Three of the four herbivores are probably contributory selective agents on some of the terpenes, and thus maintain some, but by no means all, of the phytochemical diversity in the species. The correlated defensive function of a-pinene against slugs and capercaillie is consistent with diffuse coevolutionary processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Iason¹,

O’Reilly-Wapstra

Brewer

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…Although stem and bud gallers can have clear impacts on plant fitness (Quiring and McKinnon, 1999), the relationship between leaf gallers and plant fitness is not as clear. There are still remarkably few studies that have demonstrated selection by herbivores on specific plant chemical defenses (but see Mauricio and Rausher, 1997;Shonle and Bergelson, 2000). Given the relationship between leaf gallers and alkaloid traits in this study, it would be worthwhile to determine whether leaf gallers have impacts on plant fitness that would translate to selection for defense traits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Lupinus arboreus alkaloid profiles and relationships with multiple herbivores

Adler

Kittelson

2004

Biochemical Systematics and Ecology

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Variation in plant defensive profiles can be affected by environmental factors, genetic factors, and their interactions, and different feeding guilds may have different responses to variation in defenses. Here we present results of a factorial breeding design in Lupinus arboreus from three sites of origin to determine how parental effects, population differences, and environmental effects influence alkaloid profiles and resistance to multiple herbivores. Alkaloids were identified and quantified in seeds and adult plants grown at each of the three sites. We also censused five different herbivores on plants over 2 years and determined the relationship between each herbivore density and total alkaloids, alkaloid profiles, plant size and site. We found strong effects of origin, maternal parent, and maternal Â paternal interactions on seed alkaloid profiles, and effects of origin, destination site, their interactions, and maternal Â paternal interactions on leaf alkaloid profiles. However, there was no correlation between alkaloid concentration or specific compounds in seeds and full-sib adult plants. Density of the leaf galler Dasineura lupinorum and the fungus Colletotrichium spp. was affected by total alkaloid concentration and alkaloid profiles, while density of apical flies and bud gallers was not affected by any alkaloid measure. Red and green forms of the leaf galler had different responses to alkaloids, and green leaf gallers and fungi had opposite responses to measures of alkaloid profiles. These results highlight the complexity of interactions between herbivores and plant defenses, and indicate that measuring selection for defense traits may not be straightforward in natural environments that include multiple herbivore guilds. #

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“…Glucosinolates and their breakdown products are genetically variable in Arabidopsis and Brassica, and experience natural selection due to their biological effects on generalist and specialist herbivores (Mauricio and Rausher, 1997;Raybould and Moyes, 2001;Kliebenstein et al, 2002b). High levels of nucleotide polymorphism are maintained by balancing selection at the Arabidopsis GSelong locus (Kroymann and Mitchell-Olds, unpublished), which encodes a glucosinolate biosynthetic enzyme (Kroymann et al, 2001).…”

Section: Patterns Of Genetic Variation At Resistance Locimentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of plant resistance at the molecular level: ecological context of species interactions

Meaux

Mitchell-Olds

2003

Heredity

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Molecular data regarding the diversity of plant loci involved in resistance to herbivores or pathogens are becoming increasingly available. These genes demonstrate variable patterns of diversity, suggesting that they differ in their evolutionary history. In parallel, the study of natural variation for resistance, generally conducted at the phenotypic level, has shown that resistance does not evolve solely under selection pressures exerted by enemies. Metapopulation dynamics and other ecological characteristics of interacting species also appear to have a large impact on resistance evolution. Until now, studies of resistance at the molecular level have been conducted separately from ecological studies in extant populations. Future progress requires an evolutionary approach integrating both molecular and ecological aspects of resistance evolution. Such an approach will contribute greatly to our understanding of the evolution of molecular diversity at loci involved in biotic stress.

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Experimental Manipulation of Putative Selective Agents Provides Evidence for the Role of Natural Enemies in the Evolution of Plant Defense

Cited by 352 publications

References 75 publications

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

Variation in Lupinus arboreus alkaloid profiles and relationships with multiple herbivores

Evolution of plant resistance at the molecular level: ecological context of species interactions

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