Experimental Models of Hemorrhagic Shock: A Review

Abstract

Massive blood loss leading to hypovolemic shock is still a life-threatening situation. Recently, a great number of investigations have been conducted in order to understand the pathophysiological and immunological changes taking place during shock and to develop treatment strategies. These preclinical trials are based on animal studies. Although a wide spectrum of species and experimental models are available to researchers, it is rather difficult to create an ideal animal model to study hemorrhagic shock. A major challenge for investigators is the generation of a system which is simple, easily reproducible and standardized, while being an accurate replica of the clinical situation. The goal of this review is to summarize the current experimental models of hemorrhagic shock, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages to help researchers find the most appropriate model for their own experiments on hypovolemic shock.

Effect of Topical Iloprost and Nitroglycerin on Gastric Microcirculation and Barrier Function during Hemorrhagic Shock in Dogs

“…The model we used achieved reliable and relevant changes in macro- and microcirculatory values during hemorrhage [44,45]. A dog's spleen is considered to function as a blood reservoir, increasing circulating blood volume and thereby counteracting acute hemorrhage [46] but in nonlethal, fixed-volume canine hemorrhage, splenectomy seems to be of minor importance. During the hemorrhage period, there were no differences observed between spleen-intact and splenectomized dogs concerning HR, MAP, and dO 2 [47].…”

Peptidomic Analysis of Rat Plasma

“…As detailed by Fülöp and colleagues [26], this model has the advantage of being highly standardized, controlled and reproducible, and as such is optimal for the study of the pathophysiology and proteomics/peptidomics of shock. In particular: i) the controlled procedure for blood withdrawal and return (executed at the same rate of 0.5 cc/min, as explained in the Materials and Methods) is completely reproducible; ii) the objective control of the hemodynamic state of the animal during hypovolemia is ensured by the maintenance of blood pressure around the target value of 35 mmHg; iii) the monitoring of conditions such as body temperature (decreased following bleeding, constant throughout the hypovolemic phase, and increased again to physiologic levels upon reperfusion) is conveniently repeatable.…”

Hemorrhagic shock and tissue injury drive distinct plasma metabolome derangements in swine

“…To test this hypothesis and expand on our previous observations in rodent models, we employed a porcine model of TI, in the presence or absence of HS. This represents a better translational model for higher mammals and thus for clinical translatability 20 . We hypothesized that the study of differential models of TI and HS would produce distinct metabolic signatures in plasma.…”