Experimental Models of Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Review

Silva, Ana Paula Bornes da; Silva, Rodrigo Braccini Madeira; Goi, Leise Daniele Sckenal; Molina, Rachel Dias; Sato, Douglas Kazutoshi

doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00389

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Most of these disorders are multifactorial, with genetic and environmental components, for which the immune system may provide some integration. Consequently, there has been growing interest in neuroimmunology that is not just focused on resident immune cells within the brain but also on infiltrating peripheral immune cells (4)(5)(6)(7). Recent studies of the gut microbiota have highlighted nervous and immune communication between the gut and central nervous system (CNS) (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review

Sharp,

Guenther,

Farrer

2023

Front. Immunol.

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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroimmunology literature to determine the average immune cell counts reported by flow cytometry in wild-type (WT) homogenized mouse brains.BackgroundMouse models of gene dysfunction are widely used to study age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. The importance of the neuroimmune system in these multifactorial disorders has become increasingly evident, and methods to quantify resident and infiltrating immune cells in the brain, including flow cytometry, are necessary. However, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach to perform flow cytometry or quantify/report immune cell counts. The development of more standardized methods would accelerate neuroimmune discovery and validation by meta-analysis.MethodsThere has not yet been a systematic review of ‘neuroimmunology’ by ‘flow cytometry’ via examination of the PROSPERO registry. A protocol for a systematic review was subsequently based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using the Studies, Data, Methods, and Outcomes (SDMO) criteria. Literature searches were conducted in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. From that search, 900 candidate studies were identified, and 437 studies were assessed for eligibility based on formal exclusion criteria.ResultsOut of the 437 studies reviewed, 58 were eligible for inclusion and comparative analysis. Each study assessed immune cell subsets within homogenized mouse brains and used flow cytometry. Nonetheless, there was considerable variability in the methods, data analysis, reporting, and results. Descriptive statistics have been presented on the study designs and results, including medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and overall means with standard deviations (SD) for specific immune cell counts and their relative proportions, within and between studies. A total of 58 studies reported the most abundant immune cells within the brains were TMEM119+ microglia, bulk CD4+ T cells, and bulk CD8+ T cells.ConclusionExperiments to conduct and report flow cytometry data, derived from WT homogenized mouse brains, would benefit from a more standardized approach. While within-study comparisons are valid, the variability in methods of counting of immune cell populations is too broad for meta-analysis. The inclusion of a minimal protocol with more detailed methods, controls, and standards could enable this nascent field to compare results across studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review

Sharp,

Guenther,

Farrer

2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…3 Central and peripheral neuroimmunological disorders are disabling diseases in adulthood especially the young. 4 These conditions are increasingly recognized as a consequence of more availability and accessibility of biomarker testing, although there is scarce epidemiological data from this region. [5][6][7] Early treatment of acute attacks is crucial to prevent mortality and long-term disabilities, especially in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), and autoimmune encephalitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Central and peripheral neuroimmunological disorders are disabling diseases in adulthood especially the young 4 . These conditions are increasingly recognized as a consequence of more availability and accessibility of biomarker testing, although there is scarce epidemiological data from this region 5‐7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilities, selection, outcome measurement, and limitations of therapeutic plasma exchange for neuroimmunological disorders: The South East Asian survey study

Rattanathamsakul

Siritho

Shanthi

et al. 2023

J of Clinical Apheresis

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Introduction Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for neuroimmunological disorders has played an important role in the Southeast Asian region. This study investigates the challenges of performing TPE within the region. Method A questionnaire‐based survey was conducted and launched to 15 South East Asian Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Consortium (SEATPEC) members from seven countries in January 2021. It included demographics, TPE techniques, indications, challenges, timing, outcome measurement, and access to laboratory testing in each local center. Results A total of 15 neurologists from 12 participating centers were included. They usually perform five sessions of TPE (100.0%), with 1 to 1.5 plasma volume (93.3%), and exchanges via the central catheter (100.0%). Acute relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and myasthenia gravis are the most common indications. They used a combination of normal saline and 5% albumin (60.0%) as replacement fluid. Most (66.7%) used TPE as an add‐on treatment in steroid‐refractory cases or as first‐line treatment for severe attacks. They suggested assessing the TPE efficacy of TPE by the interval to the next attack, post‐TPE relapse rates, and TPE‐related complications. The major challenges within our region are expense, reimbursibility, and access to TPE. Conclusion Although countrywise differences exist, all share similarities regarding methods, indications, timing, obstacles, and challenges of TPE for neuroimmunological conditions. Regional collaboration will be essential to identify strategies to reduce these barriers to access to TPE in the future.

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“…Most of these disorders are multifactorial, with genetic and environmental components, for which the immune system may provide some integration. Consequently, there has been growing interest in neuroimmunology, and not just focused on resident immune cells within the brain, but also on infiltrating peripheral immune cells (4)(5)(6)(7). Recent studies of gut microbiota have highlighted nervous and immune communication between the gut and central nervous system (CNS) (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, brain resident immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, have been comprehensively examined in many mouse models of neurologic disorders (4-10). However, the characterization of other immune cell subsets in peripheral blood, the CNS, and within the brain (both residential and infiltrated) has yet to be fully described (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). These immune cell subsets include, but are not limited to, natural killer cells (NK cells), T cells, and B cells (4-10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild type mouse brain: A systematic review

Sharp

Farrer

2023

Preprint

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Objective: To systematically review the neuroimmunology literature to determine the average immune cell counts reported by flow cytometry in wild-type (WT) homogenized mouse brain. Background: Mouse models of gene dysfunction are widely used to study age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The importance of the neuroimmune system in multifactorial disorders has become increasingly evident, and methods to quantify resident and infiltrating immune cells in brain, including flow cytometry, have been applied numerous times. However, there appears to be no consensus on the best approach to perform flow cytometry, to quantify immune cell counts or report them. The development of more standardized methods would accelerate neuroimmune discovery and validation through meta-analyses. Methods: Examination of the PROSPERO registry confirmed a systematic review of 'neuroimmunology' by 'flow cytometry' has yet to be reported. A protocol for a systematic review was subsequently based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) using Studies, Data, Methods and Outcomes (SDMO) criteria. Literature searches were conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed databases. From that search, 870 candidate studies were identified and 417 studies were assessed for eligibility based on formal exclusion criteria. Results: Out of the 417 studies reviewed, 52 were eligible for inclusion and comparative analysis. Each study assessed immune cell subsets within homogenized mouse brain and used flow cytometry. Nonetheless, there was considerable variability in methods, data analysis, reporting and results. Descriptive statistics are presented on study designs and results, including medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs) and overall means with standard deviations (SD) for specific immune cell counts and their relative proportions, within and between studies. Conclusion: Experiments to conduct and report flow cytometry data, derived from homogenized mouse brains, would benefit from a more standardized approach. While within study comparisons are valid, variability in methods, counts and proportions of immune cell populations are too broad for meta-analysis. However, inclusion of a minimal protocol with more detailed methods, controls and standards could enable this nascent field to compare results across studies.

show abstract

Experimental Models of Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Review

Cited by 14 publications

References 149 publications

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild-type mouse brain: a systematic review

Facilities, selection, outcome measurement, and limitations of therapeutic plasma exchange for neuroimmunological disorders: The South East Asian survey study

Experimental procedures for flow cytometry of wild type mouse brain: A systematic review

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