Experimental narcotic dependence models of primary dependence, abstinence and relapse obtained by intravenous self-administration in rat

The consequences of different "lapses" on relapse to heroin seeking in rats.

“…We found that drug intake, nonreinforced responses, and total responses were significantly elevated on reexposure to heroin during the lapse. Similar observations have been reported previously following long daily periods of access to drugs of abuse such as cocaine, heroin, and amphetamine (Ahmed & Koob, 1998, 1999; Ahmed, Walker, & Koob, 2000; Deroche, le Moal, & Piazza, 1999; Piazza, Deminiere, le Moal, & Simon, 1990), or in rats made physically dependent on opiates (Dai, Corrigall, Coen, & Kalant, 1989; Garcin et al, 1977). The present findings indicate that even a relatively short period of self-administration of heroin (3 hr a day for 7 days at a dose of 100 μg/kg/infusion), which should not produce physical dependence (Dai et al, 1989), is enough to lead to increases in heroin self-administration behavior that emerge even after a drug-free period without further training.…”

“…During training the rate of heroin intake in the initial 5 min of a session was higher than that in the remaining portion of the session. Furthermore, responding in this “loading phase” significantly increased across days leading to a gradual increase in total heroin intake over daily self-administration sessions (Campbell & Carroll, 2000; Garcin, Radouco-Thomas, Tremblay, & Radouco-Thomas, 1977; Griffiths, Bigelow, & Henningfield, 1980). In addition, the number of nonreinforced responses made during the initial period of the self-administration session also increased across sessions.…”

Effect of yohimbine stress on reacquisition of oxycodone seeking in rats

“…One of these processes involves relearning that drug-associated stimuli are once again predictors of drugs and their effects (Bouton 2000). In rats, it is possible to study this process of "reacquisition" of drug seeking by various reconditioning procedures (Garcin et al 1977; Thompson and Ostlund 1965;Leri and Stewart 2002). In reconditioning of conditioned place preference (CPP), for example, rats receive conditioning followed by a test of preference, a period of extinction followed by another test of preference, a single session of reconditioning where the drug is repaired with the drug-paired compartment (and vehicle is repaired with the vehicle-paired compartment), and a final test of preference (i.e., test of reacquisition) administered 24 h later (Leri and Rizos 2005).…”

Common neurocircuitry mediating drug and fear relapse in preclinical models

“…As with fear relapse, drug reinstatement may occur in the drug-seeking context ( context-induced reinstatement ) (Crombag and Shaham 2002 ), the experience of either the drug US, a non-extinguished drug cue, or other stressors ( drug-primed- , cue-induced- , or stress-induced reinstatement , respectively) (Shaham and Stewart 1995 ; Shaham et al 1997 ; Crombag and Shaham 2002 ), and/or the passage of time ( spontaneous recovery ) (Shaham et al 1997 ). Post-extinction drug conditioning trials also reinstate drug-seeking ( reacquisition ) (Garcin et al 1977 ; Leri and Rizos 2005 ). Novel cues can also reinstate drug-seeking ( external disinhibition ) (Bastle et al 2012 ).…”