Experimental, numerical, and regulatory P-M-M domains for cold-formed perforated steel uprights of pallet-racks

Bertocci, Lorenzo; Comparini, Daniele; Lavacchini, Giovanni; Orlando, Maurizio; Salvatori, Luca; Spinelli, P.

doi:10.1016/j.tws.2017.06.001

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The linear load was applied on the node of tubes directly in the finite element models. An initial imperfection in the form of half of a sine wave was introduced into finite element models with an amplitude of 1/1000 of column length [30][31][32]. Residual stresses were not included in the model for it had little effect on the performance of built-up column [33,34].…”

Section: Numerical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Columns Composed of Four Cold-Formed Square Steel Tubes

Chen

Xia

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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This study presents an experimental investigation into the mechanical performance of built-up columns composed of four cold-formed square steel tubes under axial load. The four tubes were assembled together with several C-shaped connectors through two self-tapping screws in each junction. The influence of parameters including spacing between tubes, type of connectors and transverse diaphragm were analyzed based on the failure modes, ultimate loads, load-displacement relationships and load-strain relationships measured in the tests. Moreover, a further numerical analysis was carried out to study the effect of the number of connectors, web height of connectors and installing connectors at column ends by means of the verified finite element models. Finally, the numerical results were compared with the strengths predicted by the AISI-S100-2012 code. Results show that the performance of built-up columns can be influenced by the change in the number of connectors and ratio of web height of connectors to spacing between tubes as well as the installation of connectors at column ends. In addition, the current AISI-S100-12 specifications do not provide a good prediction of the built-up columns composed of four cold-formed square steel tubes.

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Section: Numerical Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Columns Composed of Four Cold-Formed Square Steel Tubes

Chen

Xia

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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“…the costs of the testing setup, the live-cost associated with specimens, the costs of the laboratory staff, and the time required to elaborate the test data, a mixed approach which combines few tests and several finite element (FE) analyses could be really convenient. In this direction, research efforts have been addressed in some papers published in recent years [23][24][25][26]. Furthermore, refined FE models have been extensively used for the study of all the rack components, especially uprights, beam-tocolumn or base plate connections [27,28], characterized by a marked non-linear response, normally appraised via expensive experimental activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental investigation on solid and perforated steel storage racks uprights

Baldassino

Bernuzzi

Gioia³

et al. 2019

Journal of Constructional Steel Research

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Thin-walled cold-formed (TWCF) profiles are extensively used in adjustable selective pallet racks that represent the most common typology between the logistic solutions. In these structures, vertical members (uprights) are usually channels, often provided with intermediate stiffeners, rear flanges and additional lips. Furthermore, in order to allow for a rapid connection with beams and bracing components, usually uprights present regular perforation systems along their length. Nowadays, theoretical approaches available to design TWCF members are based on equations valid only for few unperforated (solid) cross-section geometries. As a consequence, rack manufacturing engineers frequently adopt the well-known design-assisted-by-testing approach to overcome this limitation and to assess accurately member performance. This approach, time consuming and cost demanding, stresses the need of further improvements required to cover aspects currently not considered in design codes.The paper summarizes the results of a study focused on the response of a commercial upright profile.In particular, 48 compression and 24 bending tests on perforated and unperforated profiles have been carried out. A summary of the experimental program is proposed together with the reelaboration of test data. Furthermore, the influence of perforation is discussed as well as key design geometric parameters. Finally, owing to the lack of information in major rack standard codes, three different proposals to evaluate the effective second moments of area have been developed, discussed and applied, hoping to contribute to standard improvements.

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“…Several authors have studied the nonlinear behaviour of beamupright connections, as well as how to model them (See Refs. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]). In the cross-aisle direction, stability relies on the stiffness of the upright frames.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-aisle stiffness analysis of industrial welded cold-formed steel rack upright frames

Roure

Peköz

Somalo

et al. 2019

Thin-Walled Structures

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In general, industrial cold-formed steel pallet racks consist of upright frames and pallet beams. In the United States, typically, the upright frames are made welding the braces to the uprights. If the brace to upright joints are considered as rigid joints, the stiffness of welded upright frames in the cross-aisle direction obtained numerically is very different from the stiffness obtained experimentally (up to 300% higher). A method is proposed to improve the accuracy of the numerical determination of the stiffness of the frames, by taking into account the semi-rigid behaviour of the brace to upright joints. The semi-rigid behaviour of the joints is analysed experimentally and by simulation with finite elements. The method proposed uses linear behaviour approximation of the frame, and obtains a numerical stiffness that differs only by 10% of the experimental stiffness.

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Experimental, numerical, and regulatory P-M-M domains for cold-formed perforated steel uprights of pallet-racks

Cited by 20 publications

References 7 publications

Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Columns Composed of Four Cold-Formed Square Steel Tubes

Mechanical Performance of Built-Up Columns Composed of Four Cold-Formed Square Steel Tubes

An experimental investigation on solid and perforated steel storage racks uprights

Cross-aisle stiffness analysis of industrial welded cold-formed steel rack upright frames

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