Experimental quantification of cavitation yield revisited: focus on high frequency ultrasound reactors

Kirpalani, Deepak M.; McQuinn, K.J.

doi:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2005.01.001

Cited by 56 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It was observed that mid-frequency levels (378 and 574 kHz) showed higher efficiency on decreasing the asphaltene content of bitumen as compared to higher frequency levels (860, 992 kHz and 1.1 MHz). There are other studies also showed that at mid-frequency level, there is significant rise in the number of cavities formed resulting higher formation of hydroxyl radicals and consequent disintegration of molecules [11]. Kirpalani and McQuinn [11] compared mid to high-range sonication frequencies for the oxidation of iodide to iodine and reported that cavitation yield increases in mid-range frequency levels as compared to high-frequency range.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bitumen heavy oil upgrading by cavitation processing: effect on asphaltene separation, rheology, and metal content

Mohapatra

Kirpalani

2016

Appl Petrochem Res

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Cavitation processing has been proposed as a greener alternative to solvent dilution or heat treatment of bitumen and other heavy oils to reduce viscosity and hence, improve transportability. The effect of acoustic cavitation under different conditions of sonication frequencies (lowto high-frequency range) and power inputs on asphaltene content, rheological changes, and metal content of bitumen was investigated in this study. Ultrasonic treatment resulted in a decrease in asphaltene content in bitumen that lead to lower viscosity and shear stress over a wide range of shear rates. Over the range of sonication frequencies investigated (20 kHz-1.1 MHz), the sonication frequency of 574 kHz with 50 % power input resulted in low asphaltene content and lower viscosity suitable for improved transportability. Further, comparison of different conditions of sonication frequencies and power inputs were carried out to investigate the effect of ultrasound on properties of asphaltene (elemental analysis and metal content). It was observed that the sonication treatment of bitumen under different conditions of frequencies and acoustic power decreased the H/C ratio. These results showed higher content of aromatic hydrogen and lower content of aliphatic hydrogen in bitumen treated under different conditions of sonication frequencies and intensity. Characterization of asphaltene performed using ICP-MS and TXRF, revealed lower metal content (Ni, Fe, and V) in the asphaltene phase of processed (sonicated) bitumen. The lowered metal content can be attributed to the reduced asphaltene formation as a result of sonication treatment of bitumen.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bitumen heavy oil upgrading by cavitation processing: effect on asphaltene separation, rheology, and metal content

Mohapatra

Kirpalani

2016

Appl Petrochem Res

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“…The results showed that the sonication frequencies can significantly affect the cavitation yield, and higher yield was observed at midfrequencies as compared with high frequencies. Note that other studies also reported the enhancement of cavitation yield under different frequencies (Kirpalani and McQuinn 2006;Seymour et al 1997). A comparison of two studies, Entezari and Kruus (1996) performed at 20 and 900 kHz and Seymour et al (1997) at 640 kHz, showed a higher cavitation yield at sonication frequency of 640 kHz compared to 20 and 900 kHz.…”

Section: Effect Of Sonication Frequencymentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Further studies were carried out to observe the effect of these sonication frequencies in heavy oil. Cavitation yield measurements were taken to determine the amount of iodine liberated when potassium iodide solutions at different concentrations were subjected to ultrasound (Kirpalani and McQuinn 2006). Cavitation yield was defined as the grams of iodine liberated per unit power density during the oxidation of potassium iodide by hydroxide and peroxy radicals (Gedanken 2004).…”

Section: Measurement Of Cavitation Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They observed that the cavitation yield using a 900-kHz transducer was 20 times greater than that of the 20-kHz transducer. Kirpalani and McQuinn (2006) determined the cavitation yield in a high-frequency ultrasound system (1.7 and 2.4 MHz) by measuring the amount of iodine liberated from the oxidation of KI solution. They observed that the concentration of KI and temperature affect the cavitation yield of the system such that the iodine production is proportional to both conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards the development of cavitation technology for upgrading bitumen: Viscosity change and chemical cavitation yield measurements

Kirpalani

Mohapatra

2017

Pet. Sci.

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Among the different methods used for reducing viscosity of bitumen, acoustic cavitation during sonication is well recognised. Several chemical methods were used to detect the production of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide during acoustic cavitation processes. However, quantification of cavitation yield in sonochemical systems is generally limited to low frequencies and has not been applied to bitumen processing. An empirical determination of the cavitation yield in midto high-frequency range (378, 574, 850, 992, and 1173 kHz) was carried out by measuring the amount of iodine liberated from the oxidation of potassium iodide (KI). Further, cavitation yield and the effects of different sonic operating conditions such as power input (16.67%-83.33%) and solute concentration on cavitation yield were carried out in KI solution and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-water mixture to obtain benchmark changes in rheology and chemistry using these two model fluids. The findings were then applied to bitumen upgrading through sonication. Through this study, it was found that the chemical cavitation yield peaked with a sonication frequency of 574 kHz. It was also found that cavitation yield and viscosity change were correlated directly in bitumen and a 38% lower bitumen viscosity could be obtained by acoustic cavitation.

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“…Sato et al (2001) claimed that the parametric decay instability of capillary waves, propagating along the liquid fountain surface, leads in turn to USA. Kirpalani and Toll (2002), Kirpalani and McQuinn (2006) and Suzuki et al (2006), on the other hand, suggested that the presence of cavitating microbubbles in the liquid fountain, which grow and collapse in regions of acoustic energy accumulated and mist released, should be important. In either case, USA mechanism needs to be further elucidated, especially in regard to the mechanism of ethanol enrichment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Atomization Process for Ethanol Separation and Recovery

Tanaka

Mori

Matsuura

et al. 2011

J. Chem. Eng. Japan / JCEJ

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Ultrasonic atomization, a process of generating fine droplets through irradiation of high-frequency ultrasound to a gas-liquid interface from the liquid underneath, is applied to separating ethanol from its aqueous solution. Towards its practical use, the process of collecting in two cooling stages the ethanol-enriched mist-generated via an ultrasonic atomizer (ultrasonic transducer operated at 2.4 MHz) with continuous feed of ethanol-water solution-using two cooling units in a series has been developed. The effects of operating conditions, especially cooling temperatures and gas flowrate, on ethanolenrichment and condensation characteristics are examined. It is found that the highly-enriched ethanol recovery could be attained in the 2nd stage by optimizing the 1st-and 2nd-stage cooling temperatures (as moderate as 5°C and up to −10°C, respectively). Regarding the carrier-gas flowrate, ethanol-rich mist consisting of small-size droplets tends to be carried selectively in favor of lower gas flowrate. Nevertheless, the desired recovery of enriched ethanol-i.e., a highest possible value of the recovered quantity of ethanol as well as the recovery concentration itself-is expected to be obtained in the 2nd stage by raising the carrier-gas flowrate under the present operating conditions. While the proposed two-stage cooling process tends to collect rather an appreciable quantity of less-enriched ethanol solution in the 1st stage, it is the 2nd stage that assures the desired quality of enriched-ethanol recovery.

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Experimental quantification of cavitation yield revisited: focus on high frequency ultrasound reactors

Cited by 56 publications

References 13 publications

Bitumen heavy oil upgrading by cavitation processing: effect on asphaltene separation, rheology, and metal content

Bitumen heavy oil upgrading by cavitation processing: effect on asphaltene separation, rheology, and metal content

Towards the development of cavitation technology for upgrading bitumen: Viscosity change and chemical cavitation yield measurements

Performance Evaluation of Ultrasonic Atomization Process for Ethanol Separation and Recovery

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