Experimental realization of deep-subwavelength confinement in dielectric optical resonators

Hu, Shuren; Khater, Marwan; Salas‐Montiel, Rafael; Kratschmer, E.; Engelmann, Sebastian; Green, William M. J.; Weiss, Sharon M.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2355

Cited by 160 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our results show that dynamically coupled cavities offer a very promising approach to realize determinstic two-qubit gates between photons in a dual-rail encoding. With recent progress in nanofabrication of LiNbO 3 PICs [26,28,29] and development of ultra-confined photonic crystal cavities [21][22][23] it appears that experimental demonstrations are within reach. Recent theoretical work also promises the required spectral properties of χ (2) cavities [30].…”

Section: Linbo3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We do this using the parameters listed in the caption of Fig. 4 for a silicon cavity with an ultra-small mode volume [21][22][23]. Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Table I lists the values of C (k) for the two most promising χ (2) materials and the most common χ (3) material, silicon. The table also lists the required intrinsic quality factor to achieve a conditional fidelity of 99% for an ultra-small mode volume, V (k) m = 10 −3 [21][22][23], and a standard size for one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities, V (k) m = 0.5. The numbers seem prohibitively…”

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confidence: 99%

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Controlled-Phase Gate Using Dynamically Coupled Cavities and Optical Nonlinearities

2020

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We propose an architecture for a high-fidelity deterministic controlled-phase gate between two photonic qubits using bulk optical nonlinearities in near-term feasible photonic integrated circuits. The gate is enabled by converting travelling continuous-mode photons into stationary cavity modes using strong classical control fields that dynamically change the cavity-waveguide coupling rate. This process limits the fidelity degrading noise pointed out by Shapiro [J. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. A, 73, 2006] and Gea-Banacloche [J. Gea-Banacloche, Phys. Rev. A, 81, 2010]. We show that high-fidelity gates can be achieved with self-phase modulation in χ (3) materials as well as second-harmonic generation in χ (2) materials. The gate fidelity asymptotically approaches unity with increasing storage time for a fixed duration of the incident photon wave packet. Further, dynamically coupled cavities enable a trade-off between errors due to loss and wave packet distortions since loss does not affect the ability to emit wave packets with the same shape as the incoming photons. Our numerical results show that gates with 99% fidelity are feasible with near-term improvements in cavity loss using LiNbO3 or GaAs.

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Section: Linbo3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We do this using the parameters listed in the caption of Fig. 4 for a silicon cavity with an ultra-small mode volume [21][22][23]. Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Controlled-Phase Gate Using Dynamically Coupled Cavities and Optical Nonlinearities

2020

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“…Indirect interactions may be mediated by materials with optical nonlinearities but these are usually very weak at optical frequencies. Nevertheless, progress in the design and fabrication of nanocavities with very small mode volumes and very large lifetimes [2][3][4][5][6] has reduced the optical energy required to observe nonlinear interactions close to the single-photon level. To fully exploit the enhanced light-matter interaction inside the cavity, it is necessary for the entire energy of an incoming wave packet to reside in the cavity throughout its lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon-photon interactions in dynamically coupled cavities

2020

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We study theoretically the interaction between two photons in a nonlinear cavity. The photons are loaded into the cavity via a method we propose here, in which the input/output coupling of the cavity is effectively controlled via a tunable coupling to a second cavity mode that is itself strongly output-coupled. Incoming photon wave packets can be loaded into the cavity with high fidelity when the timescale of the control is smaller than the duration of the wave packets. Dynamically coupled cavities can be used to avoid limitations in the photon-photon interaction time set by the delay-bandwidth product of passive cavities. Additionally, they enable the elimination of wave packet distortions caused by dispersive cavity transmission and reflection. We consider three kinds of nonlinearities, those arising from χ (2) and χ (3) materials and that due to an interaction with a two-level emitter. To analyze the input and output of few-photon wave packets we use a Schrödingerpicture formalism in which travelling-wave fields are discretized into infinitesimal time-bins. We suggest that dynamically coupled cavities provide a very useful tool for improving the performance of quantum devices relying on cavity-enhanced light-matter interactions such as single-photon sources and atom-like quantum memories with photon interfaces. As an example, we present simulation results showing that high fidelity two-qubit entangling gates may be constructed using any of the considered nonlinear interactions.

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“…These are illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5: the nanobeam, 60,[62][63][64] the modified nanobeam with anti-slot or bowtie holes, 65 the complex Bragg grating waveguide (CBGW) with an irregular pattern of teeth, 66 the two-Sagnacloop waveguide that functions as a Fabry Perot resonator, and the slow-light waveguide. 67,68 The semiconductor nanobeams include Ge at 2 µm as well as Si at telecom.…”

Section: Narrowband 2 × 2 Mzismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tutorial: Integrated-photonic switching structures

Soref

2018

APL Photonics

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Recent developments in waveguided 2 × 2 and N × M photonic switches are reviewed, including both broadband and narrowband resonant devices for the Si, InP, and AlN platforms. Practical actuation of switches by electro-optical and thermo-optical techniques is discussed. Present datacom-and-computing applications are reviewed, and potential applications are proposed for chip-scale photonic and optoelectronic integrated switching networks. Potential is found in the reconfigurable, programmable “mesh” switches that enable a promising group of applications in new areas beyond those in data centers and cloud servers. Many important matrix switches use gated semiconductor optical amplifiers. The family of broadband, directional-coupler 2 × 2 switches featuring two or three side-coupled waveguides deserves future experimentation, including devices that employ phase-change materials. The newer 2 × 2 resonant switches include standing-wave resonators, different from the micro-ring traveling-wave resonators. The resonant devices comprise nanobeam interferometers, complex-Bragg interferometers, and asymmetric contra-directional couplers. Although the fast, resonant devices offer ultralow switching energy, ∼1 fJ/bit, they have limitations. They require several trade-offs when deployed, but they do have practical application.

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Experimental realization of deep-subwavelength confinement in dielectric optical resonators

Abstract: Dielectric cavities support record low mode volumes by incorporating subwavelength features into photonic crystal unit cells.

Cited by 160 publications

References 36 publications

Controlled-Phase Gate Using Dynamically Coupled Cavities and Optical Nonlinearities

Controlled-Phase Gate Using Dynamically Coupled Cavities and Optical Nonlinearities

Photon-photon interactions in dynamically coupled cavities

Tutorial: Integrated-photonic switching structures

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