Experimental Reconsideration of Radical Entry into Latex Particles

Tauer, Klaus; Nozari, Samira; Ali, A. M. I.

doi:10.1021/ma0510385

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A large number of recent studies relate RAFT polymerization in heterogeneous media (emulsion, [67,74,81,98,117,122,139,[161][162][163][164][165][166] miniemulsion, [10,76,[167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175] or suspension [176] ). The area has been reviewed by McCleary and Klumperman [11] and Save et al [177] 'Surfactant free' emulsion polymerization making use of a hydrophilic macroRAFT agent (typically based on PAA oligomer formed with RAFT agent 67) [117,161,163,164] has been used for BA [117] and styrene.…”

Section: Raft Polymerization In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tauer and co-workers [74,166] have examined RAFT agent concentrations in the aqueous and monomer phase and the diffusion rate of RAFT agents from the monomer to the particle phase for styrene emulsion polymerization with various dithiobenzoate (9,19,20) and dithioacetate (43) RAFT agents. They also provided evidence that particle entry by initiator-derived radicals, including charged species such as sulfate radical anion, can take place without monomer addition.…”

Section: Raft Polymerization In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process—A First Update

Moad¹,

Rizzardo²,

Thang³

2006

Aust. J. Chem.

859

787

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This paper provides a first update to the review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) published in June 2005. The time since that publication has witnessed an increased rate of publication on the topic with the appearance of well over 200 papers covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization ranging over reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics, and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and diverse applications.

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Section: Raft Polymerization In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Raft Polymerization In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process—A First Update

Moad¹,

Rizzardo²,

Thang³

2006

Aust. J. Chem.

859

787

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Brownian dynamics simulations suggest that any kind of species (radicals, monomers oligomers) can enter latex particles in dependence on their size for a given polymer volume fraction. In this sense and in contradiction to the propagational entry model [27] primary radicals can enter latex particles as it was proven also experimentally [30] . Swelling of latex particles with monomer must not necessarily take place via the uptake of single molecules as also monomer droplets are present in the aqueous phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Adaption of the Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerization to New Experimental Results

Tauer¹,

Hernández²,

Kozempel³

et al. 2007

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary: New experimental investigations of the 'classical' batch ab-initio emulsion polymerization of styrene reveal the important role of monomer droplets for the whole process. Monomer droplets with a size between a few and some hundreds of nanometers, which are formed by spontaneous emulsification as soon as styrene and water are brought into contact, have a strong influence on the particle nucleation, the particle morphology, and the swelling of the particles. Experimental results confirm that micelles of low molecular weight surfactants are not a major locus of particle nucleation. Brownian dynamics simulations show that the capture of matter by the particles (monomer or radicals) strongly depends on the polymer volume fraction and the size of the captured species (primary free radicals, oligomers, single monomer molecules, or clusters).

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“…Finally, there is a lot of literature available which shows that when oligomers become surface active or water insoluble, entry is taking place 19. Direct entry of primary radicals, like that of persulfate, has also been claimed by the group of Tauer 15…”

Section: Existing Models Of Entry In Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 95%