Experimental research on salt contamination procedures and methods for assessment of the salt distribution

Nunes, Cristiana; Sanchez, Asel Maria Aguilar; Godts, Sebastiaan; Gulotta, Davide; Ioannou, Ioannis; Lubelli, B.A.; Menéndez, Beatriz; Shahidzadeh, Noushine; Slížková, Zuzana; Theodoridou, Magdalini

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123862

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The resulting porosities are ϕ = 42% for the homogeneous porous medium in Figure a and ϕ = 50.1% for the heterogeneous porous medium in Figure b. These values are close to the porosities observed in some sedimentary stones such as Maastricht limestone or Mesne sandstone …”

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confidence: 79%

“…These values are close to the porosities observed in some sedimentary stones such as Maastricht limestone or Mesne sandstone. 43 Experiments are performed in both types of quasi-2D porous media by filling the capillary with MTEOS and 4-DASPI solutions (same concentration as before). The gelation dynamics are monitored with confocal microscopy (Figure 4a,b for homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media, respectively).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These values are close to the porosities observed in some sedimentary stones such as Maastricht limestone or Mesne sandstone. 44 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visualization of the Sol–Gel Transition in Porous Networks Using Fluorescent Viscosity-Sensitive Probes

Le Dizès Castell,

Mirzahossein,

Grzelka

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

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The sol–gel transition involves the transformation of a colloidal suspension into a system-spanning, interconnected gel. This process is widely used to reinforce mechanically weakened porous artifacts, such as sculptures but the impact of the restricted geometry (porous network) on the gelation dynamics of the solution remains unclear. Here, using fluorescent viscosity-sensitive molecular rotors, confocal microscopy, and model pores, we visualize the local viscosity changes at the microscale that accompany the sol–gel transition of a methyltriethoxysilane solution into a gel network. We show that, with evaporation of the solvent, a viscosity gradient develops near the free surface, triggering the sol–gel transition inside small pores near the surface. In homogeneous porous media, this leads to skin formation, which reduces the evaporation rate. In heterogeneous porous media, a gradient in gel density develops toward the heart of the porous material, where the gel formation mainly occurs as capillary bridges within smaller pores.

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confidence: 79%

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confidence: 99%

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Visualization of the Sol–Gel Transition in Porous Networks Using Fluorescent Viscosity-Sensitive Probes

Le Dizès Castell,

Mirzahossein,

Grzelka

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Chem. Lett.

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“…The specimens were dried at 55 ± 5 • C until constant mass and then immersed in an aqueous solution of NaCl (14% w/v) for 2 h. The selection of the single salt NaCl was based on the identification of NaCl as the primary degradation agent at the archaeological site. Both treated and reference stone specimens were removed from the salts solution and left to dry at 60 ± 5 • C for 22 h [51]. Each of the stone specimens were weighed before each of the 31 soaking cycles in the fresh sodium chlorite solution, for the estimation of their weight difference (∆W%).…”

Section: Accelerating Aging Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact

et al. 2023

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This work presents the methodological approach followed for the study of the interaction of natural stone monuments with the local microclimate (exposure to RH, temperature alterations, wind, marine aerosol). This was implemented with the documentation of the associated weathering phenomena and the study of historic climate data of the area. The paper is focused on the main weathering mechanisms of the marly limestone at the Hellenistic theater of Zea in Piraeus, Greece. Based on the weathering phenomena identified, the development of the appropriate mitigation strategy was based on the physical, chemical and mechanical characterization of the natural stones, along with the evaluation of different conservation treatments, considering the characteristics of the coastal environment. Considering the mineralogy of marly limestones, silane-based materials were selected for providing both consolidation and water repellency effects. The evaluation of the conservation treatments was based on the modification of microstructural and water-related properties of natural stone samples, along with their consequent effect on their durability against accelerated aging tests. The results indicated that the design of migration actions proved to be multivariable parameter, depending on the intrinsic stone properties, the environmental parameters and the conservation efficacy of the treatments.

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“…For each salt, two solution concentrations were used: 1 wt% and 5 wt% for sodium sulphate and 5 wt% and 10 wt% for sodium chloride (expressed as weight NaCl/weight solution). The solution concentrations were decided with the aim of having a high, but still realistic salt content in the material (see also [16,43,44] for further details).…”

Section: Salt Types and Concentration Of Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new accelerated salt weathering test by RILEM TC 271-ASC: preliminary round robin validation

et al. 2022

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Salt crystallization is a major cause of damage in porous building materials. Accelerated salt weathering tests carried out in the laboratory are among the most common methods to assess the durability of material to salt decay. However, existing standards and recommendations for salt weathering tests have limitations in terms of effectiveness and/or reliability. In the framework of the RILEM Technical Committee 271-ASC, a procedure has been developed which proposes a new approach to salt crystallization tests. It starts from the consideration that salt damage can be seen as a process developing in two phases: accumulation of the salt in the material and propagation of the decay. In the first phase, salts are introduced in the material and accumulate close to the evaporation surface, while in the second phase damage propagates because of repeated dissolution and crystallization cycles, induced by re-wetting with liquid water and by relative humidity changes. In this paper, the procedure is described and the results of a first round robin validation of the test, carried out on 7 materials and involving 10 laboratories, are presented. The results show that the procedure is effective to cause decay within the time period of the test (about 3 months) and that the decay increases with subsequent cycles. The decay observed differs in type and severity depending on the salt type and concentration and on the type of substrate. The decay types detected in the laboratories are generally representative of those observed in the field for the selected substrates. The differences in durability between the various substrates, as assessed at the end of the test, are in line with the durability expected based on field observation. The reproducibility of the results in terms of decay type is good; some differences have been observed in terms of material loss. These are more significant in the case of NaCl contaminated specimens. Based on the results, proposals for fine-tuning of the procedure are given.

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Experimental research on salt contamination procedures and methods for assessment of the salt distribution

Cited by 23 publications

References 29 publications

Visualization of the Sol–Gel Transition in Porous Networks Using Fluorescent Viscosity-Sensitive Probes

Visualization of the Sol–Gel Transition in Porous Networks Using Fluorescent Viscosity-Sensitive Probes

Weathering Mechanisms of Porous Marl Stones in Coastal Environments and Evaluation of Conservation Treatments as Potential Adaptation Action for Facing Climate Change Impact

A new accelerated salt weathering test by RILEM TC 271-ASC: preliminary round robin validation

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