“…Both simple extremely low frequency magnetic ®elds (ELFMFs, 0±300 Hz) and pulsed low frequency (LF) magnetic ®elds (PEMF, 0± 500 Hz, up to AE 200 mT pk ) have produced a range of behavioral effects in snails, mice, rats, pigeons, and humans [Persinger et al, 1974;Blakemore, 1975;Lohmann and Willows, 1991;Papi et al, 1992;Betancur et al, 1994;Blackman et al, 1995;Del Seppia et al, 1995;Papi et al, 1995;Baker-Price and Persinger, 1996;Thomas et al, 1997;Kavaliers et al, 1998;Persinger et al, 2000]. Studies have indicated that PEMFs containing frequencies of 0±500 Hz and amplitudes of up to AE 200 mT pk Thomas et al, 2000a,b] can alter normal standing balance in humans.…”