Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Models in Rodents: Anatomical Correlations and Assessment of Motor Recovery

Vogelaar, Christina Francisca; Estrada, Veronica

doi:10.5772/62947

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Dependent on the pathology of injury, the spinal cord can recover spontaneously (e.g., by axons bypassing the lesions, so-called sprouting) except total transection, which is known to be not able to regenerate spontaneously in humans and rats [ 5 ]. Even though spinal cord regeneration after complete transection has been described in various animal studies with diverse therapeutic strategies [ 6 ], there is still no convincing standard curative therapy available for humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary application of native Nephila edulis spider silk and fibrin implant causes granulomatous foreign body reaction in vivo in rat’s spinal cord

et al. 2022

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After spinal cord injury, gliomesenchymal scaring inhibits axonal regeneration as a physical barrier. In peripheral nerve injuries, native spider silk was shown to be an effective scaffold to facilitate axonal re-growth and nerve regeneration. This study tested a two-composite scaffold made of longitudinally oriented native spider silk containing a Haemocomplettan fibrin sheath to bridge lesions in the spinal cord and enhance axonal sprouting. In vitro cultivation of neuronal cells on spider silk and fibrin revealed no cytotoxicity of the scaffold components. When spinal cord tissue was cultured on spider silk that was reeled around a metal frame, migration of different cell types, including neurons and neural stem cells, was observed. The scaffold was implanted into spinal cord lesions of four Wistar rats to evaluate the physical stress caused on the animals and examine the bridging potential for axonal sprouting and spinal cord regeneration. However, the implantation in-vivo resulted in a granulomatous foreign body reaction. Spider silk might be responsible for the strong immune response. Thus, the immune response to native spider silk seems to be stronger in the central nervous system than it is known to be in the peripheral body complicating the application of native spider silk in spinal cord injury treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary application of native Nephila edulis spider silk and fibrin implant causes granulomatous foreign body reaction in vivo in rat’s spinal cord

et al. 2022

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“…In their review of the many works on spinal cord injury, Vogelaar and Estrada [1] showed that the most popular methods for gait evaluation are the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score and subscore (for rat) and the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS, for mouse) determination, horizontal ladder rung test and gridwalk, automated gait analysis methods, MotoRater and kinematic analysis, sensory tests, and forelimb tests. Of these methods, the automated gait analysis methods have been increasingly utilized in recent years, based on the volume of scientific works describing their use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait Analysis Using Animal Models of Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries

2021

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The present review discusses recent data regarding rodent models of spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries in terms of gait analysis using the CatWalk system (CW), an automated and exceptionally reliable system for assessing gait abnormalities and motor coordination. CW is a good tool for both studying improvements in the walking of animals after suffering a peripheral nerve and spinal cord lesion and to select the best therapies and procedures after tissue destruction, given that it provides objective and quantifiable data. Most studies using CW for gait analysis that were published in recent years focus on injuries inflicted in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and brain. CW has been used in the assessment of rodent motor function through high-resolution videos, whereby specialized software was used to measure several aspects of the animal’s gait, and the main characteristics of the automated system are presented here. CW was developed to assess footfall and gait changes, and it can calculate many parameters based on footprints and time. However, given the multitude of parameters, it is necessary to evaluate which are the most important under the employed experimental circumstances. By selecting appropriate animal models and evaluating peripheral nerve and spinal cord lesion regeneration using standardized methods, suggestions for new therapies can be provided, which represents the translation of this methodology into clinical application.

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“…Especially these intrinsic regeneration mechanisms are interesting targets for regeneration-promoting treatments, since many treatments exist that reduce the inhibitory barrier, but the lack of intrinsic axon outgrowth is still a great limiting factor (Bradke et al 2012;Bunge 2008). Testing of putative treatments is mostly performed in animal SCI models, is time-consuming and expensive and involves the use of large numbers of animals (Abu-Rub et al 2010;Robins and Fehlings 2008;Vogelaar and Estrada 2016). An in vitro model for CST regeneration would greatly accelerate the screening for treatments that increase the intrinsic regenerative capacity of CST axons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth-Promoting Treatment Screening for Corticospinal Neurons in Mouse and Man

et al. 2020

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Neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) that project long axons into the spinal cord have a poor axon regenerative capacity compared to neurons of the peripheral nervous system. The corticospinal tract (CST) is particularly notorious for its poor regeneration. Because of this, traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that remains as yet uncured. Based on our recent observations that direct neuronal interleukin-4 (IL-4) signaling leads to repair of axonal swellings and beneficial effects in neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that IL-4 acts directly on the CST. Here, we developed a tissue culture model for CST regeneration and found that IL-4 promoted new growth cone formation after axon transection. Most importantly, IL-4 directly increased the regenerative capacity of both murine and human CST axons, which corroborates its regenerative effects in CNS damage. Overall, these findings serve as proof-of-concept that our CST regeneration model is suitable for fast screening of new treatments for SCI.

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Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Models in Rodents: Anatomical Correlations and Assessment of Motor Recovery

Cited by 6 publications

References 124 publications

Preliminary application of native Nephila edulis spider silk and fibrin implant causes granulomatous foreign body reaction in vivo in rat’s spinal cord

Preliminary application of native Nephila edulis spider silk and fibrin implant causes granulomatous foreign body reaction in vivo in rat’s spinal cord

Gait Analysis Using Animal Models of Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Injuries

Growth-Promoting Treatment Screening for Corticospinal Neurons in Mouse and Man

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