Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Kupiainen, Kaarle; Tervahattu, Heikki; Räisänen, Mika

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00674-5

Cited by 66 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…While the second campaign did not register any precipitation, the EFs calculated for the first campaign (Experiments 4A and 7A) might be slightly underestimated given that only the hours with rain were discounted whilst also during the hours immediately after rain, emissions are very low (Amato et al, in press). In any case, based on the limited literature available, the resuspension emission factor estimated in this study are in the range of reported emission factors for PMio on freeways varying from 10 mg VKT -1 (Kupiainen et al, 2003) to 47 mg VKT -1 (Gehrig et al, 2004) and similar to the value used for motorways in the INFRAS emission factor handbook (INFRAS, 2004). These EF values are lower than those estimated at inner-city urban roads across Europe: Switzerland (17-92 mg VICT 1 , only LDV), Germany (57-109 mg VICT 1 ), Denmark (46-108 mg VKT -1 ) Finland (121 mg VKT -1 ) and Sweden (198 mg VKT -1 ) (Gehrig et al, 2004;Ketzel et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway

Amato

Karanasiou

Moreno

et al. 2012

Atmospheric Environment

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Particulate matter emissions from paved roads are currently one of the main challenges for a sustainable transport in Europe. Emissions are scarcely estimated due to the lack of knowledge about the resuspension process severely hampering a reliable simulation of PM and heavy metals concentrations in large cities and evaluation of population exposure. In this study the Emission Factors from road dust resuspension on a Mediterranean freeway were estimated per single vehicle category and PM component (OC, EC, mineral dust and metals) by means of the deployment of vertical profiles of passive samplers and terminal concentration estimate. The estimated PMio emission factors varied from 12 to 47 mg VKT -1 (VICT: Vehicle Kilometer Traveled) with an average value of 22.7 ± 14.2 mg VKT -1 . Emission Factors for heavy and light duty vehicles, passenger cars and motorbikes were estimated, based on average fleet composition and EPA ratios, in 187-733 mg VKT -1 , 33-131 VKT -1 , 9.4-36.9 VKT" 1 and 0.8-3.3 VKT -1 , respectively. These range of values are lower than previous estimates in Mediterranean urban roads, probably due to the lower dust reservoir on freeways. PM emitted material was dominated by mineral dust (9-10 mg VKT -1 ), but also OC and EC were found to be major components and approximately 14 -25% and 2-9% of average PM exhaust emissions from diesel passenger cars on highways respectively.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway

Amato

Karanasiou

Moreno

et al. 2012

Atmospheric Environment

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“…Factors such as test temperature (colder during studies in e.g. Kupiainen et al, 2003 andKupiainen et al, 2005), room cleaning between experiments influencing amount of resuspension, volume and ventilation of the test facilities and differences in instrumental setup, are probably important parts of the explanation. Lower temperatures make pavement binder less elastic which might cause a more effective abrasion of the more firmly fixed pavement stones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and toxicological effects of particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and winter traction material

Gustafsson¹,

Blomqvist²,

Gudmundsson³

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

205

129

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In regions where studded tyres and traction material are used during winter, e.g. the Nordic countries, northern part of USA, Canada, and Japan, mechanically generated particles from traffic is the main reason for high particle concentrations in busy street-and road environments. In many Nordic municipalities the European environmental quality standard for inhalable particles (PM 10 ) is exceeded due to these particles. In this study, particles from the wear of studded and studless friction tyres on two pavements and traction sanding were generated using a road simulator. The particles were characterized using particle sizers, PIXE and electron microscopy. Cell studies were conducted on particles sampled from the tests with studded tyres and compared with street environment, diesel exhaust and subway PM 10 , respectively. The results show that in the road simulator, where resuspension is minimised, studded tyres produce tens of times more particles than friction tyres. Chemical analysis of the sampled particles shows that the generated wear particles consists almost entirely of minerals from the pavement stone material, but also that S is enriched for the submicron particles and that Zn is enriched for friction tyres for all particles sizes. The chemical data can be used for source identification and apportionment in urban aerosol studies. A mode of ultra-fine particles was also present and is hypothesised to originate in the tyres. Further, traction material properties affect PM 10 emission. The inflammatory potential of the particles from wear of pavements seems to depend on type of pavement and can be at least as potent as diesel exhaust particles. The results implies that there is a need and a good potential to reduce particle emission from pavement wear and winter time road and street operation by adjusting both studded tyre use as well as pavement and traction material properties.

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“…The ZAF-correction method is ideal for flat, homogenous samples, whereas particles of highly variable sizes and shapes reduce the accuracy of ZAFcorrected elemental results. This problem has been discussed in many articles, and the conclusion is that the accuracy of elemental analysis is sufficient to identify various particle types and to compare differences in elemental ratios of the same particle type in various samples (Gao and Anderson, 2001;Breed et al, 2002;Paoletti et al, 2002;Kupiainen et al, 2003). .…”

Section: Individual Particle Analyses By Sem/edxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

Niemi

Tervahattu

Vehkamäki

et al. 2004

Atmospheric Environment

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A strong long-range transported (LRT) fine particle (PM 2:5 ) episode occurred from March 17-22, 2002 over large areas of Finland. Most of the LRT particle mass was in the submicrometre size fraction. The number of concentrations of 90-500 nm particles increased by a factor of 5.6 during the episode, but the concentrations of particles smaller than 90 nm decreased. This reduction of the smallest particles was caused by suppressed gas-to-particle conversion due to the vapour uptake of LRT particles. Individual particle analyses using SEM/EDX showed that the proportion of sulphurrich particles rose strongly during the episode and that the relative weight percentage of potassium was unusually high in these particles. The median S/K ratios of S-rich particles were 2.1 at the beginning of the episode, 5.2 at the peak stage of the episode and 8.9 during the reference days. The high proportion of K is a clear indication of emissions from biomass burning, because K is a good tracer of biomass-burning aerosols. Trajectories and satellite detections of fire areas indicated that the main source of biomass-burning aerosols was large-scale agricultural field burning in the Baltic countries, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. The higher S/K ratio of S-rich particles during the peak stage was obviously due to the increased proportion of fossil fuel-burning emissions in the LRT particle mass, since air masses arrived from the more polluted areas of Europe at that time. The concentrations of sulphate, total nitrate and total ammonium increased during the episode. Our results suggest that large-scale agricultural field burning may substantially affect PM 2:5 concentrations under unfavourable meteorological conditions even at distances over 1000 km from the burning areas. r

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Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition

Cited by 66 publications

References 23 publications

Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway

Emission factors from road dust resuspension in a Mediterranean freeway

Properties and toxicological effects of particles from the interaction between tyres, road pavement and winter traction material

Characterization and source identification of a fine particle episode in Finland

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