Experimental studies of the controls of the geometry and evolution of salt diapirs

Karam, Pierre; Mitra, S.

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.05.010

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Yet it was Nettleton himself (Nettleton and Elkins, 1947;Nettleton, 1955) who subsequently questioned this approach due to the inability of viscous models to reproduce the faulting commonly present around Gulf Coast salt domes (e.g., Wallace, 1944) and thus began using granular materials to simulate the overburden. Other early models also used weak salt analogs but stronger surrounding material (e.g., McDowell, 1951, 1955;Withjack and Scheiner, 1982;Lemon, 1985), and almost all experimental and numerical modeling of diapirs during the past three decades has followed this approach (e.g., Vendeville and Jackson, 1992;Davison et al, 1993;Schultz-Ela et al, 1993;Daudré and Cloetingh, 1994;Vendeville and Nilsen, 1995;Alsop et al, 1995;Alsop, 1996;Fredrich et al, 2003;Schultz-Ela, 2003;Dooley et al, 2005;Yin and Groshong, 2007;Yin et al, 2009;Sanz and Dasari, 2010;Nikolinakou et al, 2012Nikolinakou et al, , 2014Nikolinakou et al, , 2017Callot et al, 2016;Karam and Mitra, 2016;Heidari et al, 2017Heidari et al, , 2019Ferrer et al, 2018).…”

Section: Salt Stocks/wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding and fracturing of rocks adjacent to salt diapirs

Rowan

Muñoz

Giles

et al. 2020

Journal of Structural Geology

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Section: Salt Stocks/wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding and fracturing of rocks adjacent to salt diapirs

Rowan

Muñoz

Giles

et al. 2020

Journal of Structural Geology

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“…2C; Vendeville & Jackson, 1992). Active rise causes sediments around the diapir to be buoyed up by its rise and may lead to piercement of the sea floor (Vendeville & Jackson, 1992;Karam & Mitra, 2016). Active piercement is theoretically less likely to occur in mud diapirism than during salt diapirism, due to a lesser density contrast between muds and the surrounding sediment (Morley & Guerin, 1996;Kopf, 2002;Morley, 2003), but overpressure may facilitate it.…”

Section: Mud Diapirismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Active piercement is theoretically less likely to occur in mud diapirism than during salt diapirism, due to a lesser density contrast between muds and the surrounding sediment (Morley & Guerin, 1996;Kopf, 2002;Morley, 2003), but overpressure may facilitate it. Diapirs exposed at the sea floor form passive diapirs (Hudec & Jackson, 2007;Karam & Mitra, 2016). Passive growth, or downbuilding, occurs when the source layer, or diapir base, remains at the same stratigraphic elevation but subsides with continued deposition, while the diapir top remains at, or elevated above, the sea floor (Barton, 1933;Jackson & Talbot, 1991).…”

Section: Mud Diapirismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early burial mud diapirism and its impact on stratigraphic architecture in the Carboniferous of the Shannon Basin, County Clare, Ireland

et al. 2018

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Delta fronts are often characterized by high rates of sediment supply that result in unstable slopes and a wide variety of soft‐sediment deformation, including the formation of overpressured and mobile muds that may flow plastically during early burial, potentially forming mud diapirs. The coastal cliffs of County Clare, western Ireland, expose Pennsylvanian (Namurian) delta‐front deposits of the Shannon Basin at large scale and in three dimensions. These deposits include decametre‐scale, internally chaotic mudstone masses that clearly impact the surrounding sedimentary strata. Evidence indicates that these were true mud (unlithified sediment) diapirs that pierced overlying strata. This study documents a well‐exposed ca 20 m tall mud diapir and its impact on the surrounding mouth‐bar deposits of the Tullig Cyclothem. A synsedimentary fault and associated rollover dome, evident from stratal thicknesses and the dip of the beds, define one edge of the diapir. These features are interpreted as recording the reactive rise of the mud diapir in response to extensional faulting along its margin. Above the diapir, heterolithic sandstones and siltstones contain evidence for the creation of localized accommodation, suggesting synsedimentary filling, tilting and erosion of a shallow sag basin accommodated by the progressive collapse of the diapir. Two other diapirs are investigated using three‐dimensional models built from ‘structure from motion’ drone imagery. Both diapirs are interpreted to have grown predominantly through passive rise (downbuilding). Stratal relationships for all three diapirs indicate that they were uncompacted and fluid‐rich mud beds that became mobilized through soft‐sediment deformation during early burial (i.e. <50 m, likely <10 m depth). Each diapir locally controlled the stratigraphic architecture in the shallow subsurface and potentially influenced local palaeocurrents on the delta. The mud diapirs studied herein are distinct from deeper ‘shale diapirs’ that have been inferred from seismic sections worldwide, now largely disputed.

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“…Rapid sedimentation could potentially results in the uneven vertical stress, which squeeze the soft mud moving from the deep strata upward and form mud diapirs. External forces, such as plate extrusion, can also lead mud diapirs to move upward along the faults and fractures (Karam & Mitra, ). The fault system is well developed and the sedimentation rate is high in the study area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and formation mechanism of seafloor domes on the north‐eastern continental slope of the South China Sea

Wei

Liu

et al. 2018

Geological Journal

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Multibeam echo-sounding and seismic data were obtained during three geophysical surveys by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey (GMGS) on the north-eastern slope of the South China Sea (SCS). Nineteen seafloor domes and numerous elongated pockmarks were distinguished in the study area. The seafloor domes vary on number of summits, shape, and spatial interrelation, based on which they were classified into four types which are single-summit, double-summits, elongated, and connected. Bottom simulating reflectors and blanking zone underneath were observed in the seismic profiles, indicating the potential existence of gas hydrate and free gas. Multiple faults and diapirs exist beneath the seafloor domes and pockmarks, which were inferred to provide efficient pathways for fluid migrating from deep subsurface. The seafloor domes exhibits high backscatter feature, which is potentially associated with the seep-related gas hydrate and authigenic carbonate in the shallow sediment. It is speculated that fault and diapir activity, fault sliding caused by region extension and the interaction between neighbour domes control and affect the activity and formation of the domes. However, further investigations, including geological sampling and seafloor observation, are still needed to confirm whether they are mud volcanoes.

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Experimental studies of the controls of the geometry and evolution of salt diapirs

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Folding and fracturing of rocks adjacent to salt diapirs

Folding and fracturing of rocks adjacent to salt diapirs

Early burial mud diapirism and its impact on stratigraphic architecture in the Carboniferous of the Shannon Basin, County Clare, Ireland

Characteristics and formation mechanism of seafloor domes on the north‐eastern continental slope of the South China Sea

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