Experimental studies on washing and melting ice crystals in the immiscible refrigerant freezing process

Denton, W.H.; Smith, Margaret J.; Klaschka, J.T.; Forgan, Ross S.; Diffey, H.R.; Rumary, C.H.; Dawson, R.W.

doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)80259-3

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…For a crystallizer in which dispersed seawater falls as 2 mm drops through upflowing continuous phase butane at an approximately constant nominal undercooling of 2" C, no backmixing, and one-tenth of the total crystallizer volume occupied by the drops, a production rate of g ice 1x13 crystallizer, s lb ice ft3 crystallizer, hr 1.8 x 10-3 ( that is, 400 is calcuIated. This is more than four times the production rate reported by Ganiaris et al (1969) of Struthers and by Campbell (1977) of Avco for sparged type of crystallizers, or twice the highest production rate reported for butane dispersed crystallizers (Denton, 1973). At this production rate and with crystals of the size observed experimentally, this freezing method seems attractive for seawater conversion.…”

Section: Extrapolation To Butane Conthous Phasesupporting

confidence: 47%

“…Compared to a conventional crystallizer, the iystem was now practically stationary, with no crystal-crystal or crystal-crystallizer collisions and low fluid shear. The crystals did not break and appeared to agglomerate in many instances, Because of the combination of favorable circumstances, the number of platelets obtained was smaller and their size larger ( 1 to 3 mm diameter) than those obtained in stirred or draft tube T, *, Freezing Point at Initial Concentration = -1.77% crystallizers with the organic phase dispersed (Campbell, 1977;Denton et al, 1973;Gibson et al, 1972;Margolis, 1969). At 1" to 5°C initial undercooling, a typical 3004 frozen drop looked like Figure 2.…”

Section: Description Of Ice Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth of ice in a saltwater drop falling in an organic phase

1979

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NOTATION fa, fc = weight fraction of ash, carbon by proximate anal-F002 = molar feed flux of oxygen IA, I 0 = Illinois coal with air, oxygen blast M, t = time tl, ta = lower, upper bound for transient following change t, = coal residence time u = coalvelocity ut WA, WO = Wyoming coal with air, oxygen blast z h = position in reactor 2 = height of coal bed Zm = position of maximum temperature Greek Letters c = void fraction do.e 8, Y p, , = density of char ysis = atomic weight of carbon of coal = velocity of position of maximum temperature = time for 90 % approach to new steady state = time for maximum temperature to reach middle = velocity of combustion zone in infinite coal bed of coal bed am = burning rate capacity, moles carbon processed/ moles feed oxygen

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Section: Extrapolation To Butane Conthous Phasesupporting

confidence: 47%

Section: Description Of Ice Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of ice in a saltwater drop falling in an organic phase

1979

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“…The concept of freeze desalination dates to at least the 1950s, and most of the literature on the subject dates back to the 1950s, 60s, and 70s [63][64][65][66][67][68] Although the water itself can be used as a refrigerant, most process designs employ a secondary refrigerant. In a direct freezing process, the refrigerant is mixed directly with the brine.…”

Section: Freeze Desalinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Miller¹

2003

207

148

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Water shortages affect 88 developing countries that are home to half of the world's population. In these places, 80-90% of all diseases and 30% of all deaths result from poor water quality. Furthermore, over the next 25 years, the number of people affected by severe water shortages is expected to increase fourfold. Low cost methods to desalinate brackish water and sea water can help reverse this destabilizing trend. Desalination has now been practiced on a large scale for more than 50 years. During this time continual improvements have been made, and the major technologies are now remarkably efficient, reliable, and inexpensive. For many years, thermal technologies were the only viable option, and multi-stage flash (MSF) was established as the baseline technology. Multieffect evaporation (MEE) is now the state-of-the-art thermal technology, but has not been widely implemented. With the growth of membrane science, reverse osmosis (RO) overtook MSF as the leading desalination technology, and should be considered the baseline technology. Presently, RO of seawater can be accomplished with an energy expenditure in the range of 11-60 kJ/kg at a cost of $2 to $4 per 1000 gallons. The theoretical minimum energy expenditure is 3-7 kJ/kg. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.

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Freezing‐Melting Desalination Process

Rahman

Al-Khusaibi

2014

Desalination

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Experimental studies on washing and melting ice crystals in the immiscible refrigerant freezing process

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Growth of ice in a saltwater drop falling in an organic phase

Growth of ice in a saltwater drop falling in an organic phase

Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies

Freezing‐Melting Desalination Process

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