Experimental Study of Acid Etching and Conductivity of High-Temperature-Resistant Cross-Linked Acid

Abstract

Acid fracturing is one of the effective techniques for developing low-permeability carbonate reservoirs economically. With the increasing reservoir depth, the reservoir temperature and closure pressure increase, posing new challenges to the acid system. In this paper, a high-temperature-resistant cross-linked acid system is selected, which maintains a viscosity above 80 mPa·s in the temperature range of 120 °C to 140 °C and can effectively reduce acid leak-off. The acid system can not only open the reservoir and ensure the extension of the fracture, but also reduce the reaction rate between the acid and the reservoir and increase the etching distance. The rock slab acid etching and conductivity tests show that the optimum injection rate is 50 mL/min, the rock etching morphology is channel type, and the conductivity remains above 110 D·cm. However, as the acid concentration decreases, the rock slab conductivity decreases considerably, especially at 10% acid concentration, where the closure pressure rises to 15 MPa, and there is almost no conductivity. In particular, after the acid system is broken, the reacted acid can form a filter cake on the core surface, hindering further intrusion of the residue into the core and reducing reservoir damage. The study shows that high-temperature-resistant cross-linked acid systems can effectively improve the stimulation of deeply fractured carbonate reservoirs at high temperatures.

Permeability Enhancement Mechanism of Acidizing in Steam-Assisted Gravity Flooding Wells

“…Steam-assisted gravity oil drainage technology, abbreviated as SAGD, is a cuttingedge technology for developing oil by using steam as a heat source [1]. During the SAGD process, the convection between oil, water and steam is realized through the combination of heat conduction and heat convection, and crude oil can be produced by relying on the gravity of crude oil and condensate [2,3]. The theory of SAGD was proposed by Canadian scholar Butler in 1979 [4].…”