“…Since the 1960s, many scholars have studied the atomization characteristics and penetration height of fuel in crossflows in relation to engine performance (Allan and Joseph, 1971;Gad et al, 2018;Joshi and Schetz, 2015;Kolpin et al, 1968;Kush et al, 1973;Wang et al, 2014). In the early stages of this research, studies mainly focused on the influence of different factors, including the injection mode (Gad et al, 2018;Kolpin et al, 1968;Lin et al, 2004), the physical properties of the liquid (Allan and Joseph, 1971;Kush et al, 1973), and the shape of the jet hole (Joshi and Schetz, 2015;Kush et al, 1973), and a large quantity of droplet distribution data was obtained. The study of atomization characteristics in crossflows mainly focuses on the size and velocity of the droplets.…”