Experimental study of environmental tobacco smoke particles under actual indoor environment

Zhou, Neng-Fa; Cheung, Chun Shun; Fu, Jianru; Liu, M. A.; Schnell, M.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.017

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…17͑a͔͒. 127 The environmental tobacco smoke has a very complex composition, with more than 100 000 chemical components and compounds. 127 Health effects.…”

Section: Cigarette Smoke and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

2007

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This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin, activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of 'nano', while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them. We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. The reticuloendothelial system in particular actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body, including viruses and non-biological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g. smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased anthropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles -"nanoparticles" and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape, agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lung, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function. Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms, "nanotechnology", is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the near-limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors. A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial develop...

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“…17͑a͔͒. 127 The environmental tobacco smoke has a very complex composition, with more than 100 000 chemical components and compounds. 127 Health effects.…”

Section: Cigarette Smoke and Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

2007

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“…Such factor, although of different natures and origins, comprise common elements. As example, cigarette smokes contain seven Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's) in common to those present as air pollutants [43][44][45] and smoking habit is increasingly viewed as an important amplifying factor of the skin ageing process [46]. Various protocols can be set up to assess the influence of combined pollutants upon squalene oxidization.…”

Section: Potential Applications To Pollution Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

Pham

Boussouira

Moyal

et al. 2015

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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Synopsis A review of the oxidization of squalene, a specific human compound produced by the sebaceous gland, is proposed. Such chemical transformation induces important consequences at various levels. Squalene by‐products, mostly under peroxidized forms, lead to comedogenesis, contribute to the development of inflammatory acne and possibly modify the skin relief (wrinkling). Experimental conditions of oxidation and/or photo‐oxidation mechanisms are exposed, suggesting that they could possibly be bio‐markers of atmospheric pollution upon skin. Ozone, long UVA rays, cigarette smoke… are shown powerful oxidizing agents of squalene. Some in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo testings are proposed as examples, aiming at studying ingredients or products capable of boosting or counteracting such chemical changes that, globally, bring adverse effects to various cutaneous compartments.

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“…Using a 20 m 3 experimental chamber with 0.03-0.1 ACH and a surface-to-volume ratio of 2.9 m −1 , Klepeis et al reported values for β ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 h −1 for smoke from cigarettes and cigars smoked by machine . Using a 30 m 3 office with 3.6 ACH and a surface-tovolume ratio of 2 m −1 , Ning et al reported β values from 1.25 to 3.5 h −1 for cigarette smoke from human smokers (Ning et al 2006).…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

An Apparatus for Generating Aged Cigarette Smoke for Controlled Human Exposure Studies

Schick

Farraro

Fang

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Research has shown that cigarette smoke changes chemically and physically after it is released into indoor air, that these changes can increase secondhand smoke (SHS) toxicity, and that acute exposures to even low levels of SHS increase the risk of cardiopulmonary disease. We designed a system to reproduce realistic SHS exposures in the laboratory for use in controlled human exposure studies. We generated cigarette smoke with a smoking machine, diluted it and conducted it through a 6 m 3 stainless steel flow reactor at rates equivalent to the upper ranges of normal residential air exchange rates, to create aged cigarette smoke as a model for secondhand cigarette smoke. We observed that approximately 50% of the particle mass deposited within the system and that particle deposition percentage was higher when absorbent materials were placed within the system. The particle size ranges and deposition percentages, coefficients and velocities observed for this smoke aerosol are in good agreement with published values for SHS observed in residences and vehicles. This apparatus also permits the study of the physical and chemical interactions between SHS and indoor surfaces. The apparatus delivers stable aerosol concentra- Health and Human Services 2006). However, the mechanisms by which SHS exposure causes diseases other than cancer are still unclear. SHS is a complex and dynamic mixture made up of particles and gases that includes smoke from the burning end of the cigarette (sidestream smoke) and exhaled mainstream smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1986). Recent evidence, from our laboratory and others, has shown that SHS undergoes numerous chemical and physical changes after it is released into the air. Nicotine and other semivolatile organic compounds in smoke adsorb to surfaces where they can react with oxidant gases present in SHS and ambient air to form new chemical compounds (Singer et al. 2002(Singer et al. , 2003Destaillats et al. 2006;Schick and Glantz 2007;Petrick et al. 2011).Subchronic and chronic exposure studies using laboratory animals have demonstrated that, when quantified on the basis of 1246 AGED CIGARETTE SMOKE FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES 1247 particulate material mass, aged cigarette smoke is more toxic to the respiratory epithelium than fresh smoke (Schick and Glantz 2006). Thus, studies that use freshly generated cigarette smoke may not capture the health effects caused by SHS in the real world. We created an aged-cigarette-smoke generation system to reproduce human exposures to secondhand cigarette smoke in the real world as accurately as possible in the laboratory. Controlled exposure studies are an important tool for assessing the acute health effects of exposure to pollutant exposures in humans and the biological mechanisms underlying these health effects. By using human subjects, it is possible to eliminate the doubt and dispute involved when animal exposure data are used to set exposure limits for humans. Previous human exposure studies have used two essential methods to ge...

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Experimental study of environmental tobacco smoke particles under actual indoor environment

Cited by 45 publications

References 13 publications

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity

Oxidization of squalene, a human skin lipid: a new and reliable marker of environmental pollution studies

An Apparatus for Generating Aged Cigarette Smoke for Controlled Human Exposure Studies

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