Experimental Study of Sand-Water Flow in a Circular Duct

Abstract

Due to the huge applications of the sand-water slurries in nature and industry, the importance to study the sandwater flow increased. In this paper, the turbulent flow of sandwater slurries is experimentally studied in a closed-loop pipeline system in the laboratory. The experiments are utilized to show the effect of the variation of both the sand diameter and the sand concentration on the two-phase pressure drop and the two-phase friction factor by changing the Reynolds number and the sand volume concentration. The pressure drop is increased along with the Reynolds number.In the experiments, three different sand diameters are used at different three concentrations with water. The diameters of the sand are 0.15, 0.3 and 0.44 mm, while the concentrations of the sand are 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The experiments show that the pressure drop and the friction factor are increased with increasing the sand diameter and the sand volume concentration. Furthermore, the pressure drop is increased for high mixture flow rates.

Challenges Facing the Agricultural Extension Organization and Ways to Address Them

“…Based on this result, the agricultural extension organization continues to adopt and adopt the current extension approach (the traditional approach) in preparing, planning and implementing all its extension programs. This result agrees with what was found [14]. It will reflect negatively on achieving the desired goals unless fundamental changes and modifications are made to the approved curriculum.…”

“…In order to achieve the purpose for which the study was prepared, a preliminary plan for the study was prepared according to the objectives in its initial form, by examining the sources, scientific research, local and international reports, and studies related to the subject of the study, as the preliminary research plan included three main axes, including the first axis (60) A paragraph representing the challenges according to the views of the agricultural extension agents facing the agricultural extension organization in Iraq distributed over (6) areas: the approved extension approach (11) paragraphs, the structural structure of the extension organization (14) paragraphs, the degree of centralization and decentralization (8) paragraphs, communication and information technology ( 11) paragraph, coordination and integration with the relevant authorities (8) paragraph, human capacity development ( 8) paragraph, and it is worth noting that all the phrases mentioned in the first axis have been mentioned positively and that the respondent's answer gives a realistic impression if these areas generate a challenge guidance organization or not.…”