Experimental study of the flammability limits of toluene–air mixtures at elevated pressure and temperature

Goethals, M.; Vanderstraeten, B; Berghmans, Jan; Smedt, G. De; Vliegen, S; Oost, E. van’t

doi:10.1016/s0304-3894(99)00164-8

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…3). Similar behaviour was found for methane-air and propylene-air mixtures by Pekalski et al (2004) and for toluene-air mixtures by Goethals et al (1999). In each of these three studies the flammable range at atmospheric pressure did not show the sharp cut-off in the explosion pressure-concentration plot.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Influence of the ignition source location on the determination of the explosion pressure at elevated initial pressures

Schoor

Norman

Verplaetsen

2006

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Influence of the ignition source location on the determination of the explosion pressure at elevated initial pressures

Schoor

Norman

Verplaetsen

2006

Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries

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“…The K G value reaches a maximum of 4700 bar m/s, which is about 100 times higher than the corresponding value of toluene in air, i.e. 46 bar m/s [11].…”

Section: Experiments At 1 Bara and 70 • Cmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…3, together with the explosion characteristics of toluene-air mixtures. The toluene-air experiments have been performed in the same experimental apparatus [11]. Fig.…”

Section: Experiments At 1 Bara and 70 • Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability limits and explosion characteristics of toluene–nitrous oxide mixtures

Vandebroek

Schoor

Verplaetsen

et al. 2005

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Note that autoxidation experiments are dangerous and proper measures should be taken to protect personnel from a potential explosion. [29] Quantum chemical calculations were carried out with the Gaussian 03 program package. [30] At the DFT level, the Becke three-parameter hybrid exchange functional was used, combined with the Lee-Yang-Parr nonlocal correlation functional B3LYP-DFT.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Thermal Toluene Autoxidation

et al. 2007

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Aerobic oxidation of toluene (PhCH3) is investigated by complementary experimental and theoretical methodologies. Whereas the reaction of the chain‐carrying benzylperoxyl radicals with the substrate produces predominantly benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde originate mainly from subsequent propagation of the hydroperoxide product. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of benzaldehyde is also produced in primary PhCH3 propagation, presumably via proton rather than hydrogen transfer. An equimolar amount of benzyl alcohol, together with benzoic acid, is additionally produced in the tertiary propagation of PhCHO with benzylperoxyl radicals. The “hot” oxy radicals generated in this step can also abstract aromatic hydrogen atoms from PhCH3, and this results in production of cresols, known inhibitors of radical‐chain reactions. The very fast benzyl peroxyl‐initiated co‐oxidation of benzyl alcohol generates HO2. radicals, along with benzaldehyde. This reaction also causes a decrease in the overall oxidation rate, due to the fast chain‐terminating reaction of HO2. with the benzylperoxyl radicals, which causes a loss of chain carriers. Moreover, due to the fast equilibrium PhCH2OOH+HO2.⇌PhCH2OO.+H2O2, and the much lower reactivity of H2O2 compared to PhCH2OOH, the fast co‐oxidation of the alcohol means that HO2. gradually takes over the role of benzylperoxyl as principal chain carrier. This drastically changes the autoxidation mechanism and, among other things, causes a sharp decrease in the hydroperoxide yield.

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Experimental study of the flammability limits of toluene–air mixtures at elevated pressure and temperature

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

Influence of the ignition source location on the determination of the explosion pressure at elevated initial pressures

Influence of the ignition source location on the determination of the explosion pressure at elevated initial pressures

Flammability limits and explosion characteristics of toluene–nitrous oxide mixtures

Mechanism of Thermal Toluene Autoxidation

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