“…Numerous studies have been carried on different persulfate activation materials, including transitional metal ions (Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ ) [32,33], transitional metal oxides [34], perovskite [35], and spinel catalysts [36]. Among them, transition metal oxides are excellent candidates in environmental applications in catalytic ozonation, photocatalysis, and VOCs' oxidation [37,38], due to their wide sources and variable valence states. Manganese oxides (MnO, MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , Mn 3 O 4 ) are non-precious and have a high natural abundance, and they have been selected as promising candidates for the catalytic persulfate activation [39].…”