Experimental study of water hammer pressure surge

Abstract

During the start-up of the propulsion system of a satellite or spacecraft, the opening of the tank isolation valve will cause the propellant to flow into an evacuated feedline and slam against a closed thruster valve. This filling process, called priming, can cause severe pressure peaks that could lead to structural failure. In the case of monopropellants such as hydrazine, also, the risk of adiabatic compression detonation must be taken into account in the design of the feedline subsystem. The phenomenon of priming involves complex two-phase flow: the liquid entering the evacuated pipe undergoes flash evaporation creating a vapor cushion in front of the liquid that mixes with the residual inert gas in the line. Moreover, the dissolved pressurizing gas in the liquid will desorb making the priming process difficult to model. In order to study this phenomenon, a new test-bench has been built at DLR Lampoldshausen which allows fluid transient experiments in the same conditions as the operating space system. Tests are performed with water and ethanol at different conditions (tank pressure, vacuum level, pressurizing gas helium vs. nitrogen, etc.). The effect of the geometry is also investigated, comparing different test-elements such as straight, tees, and elbow pipes. The pressure profile is found to be dependent on the geometry and on the downstream conditions. The acoustic wave reflection caused by the pipe geometry and fluid dynamic effects such as the aforementioned desorption and flash evaporation induce a complex pressure profile of the first pressure peak. Finally, numerical simulations of the priming process are performed by means of EcosimPro software in conjunction with European Space Propulsion System Simulation (ESPSS) libraries and results are compared with experiments.

Expert-Informed Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System

“…Water hammer is a phenomenon, which occurs at start-up of a spacecraft during the rapid opening and closing of valves on a liquid-carrying pipeline, and is characterized by sudden pressure peaks and fluctuations. The sudden pressure peak due to water hammer can result in catastrophic failures (Bandyopadhyay & Majumdar, 2014;Bombardieri, Traudt, & Manfletti, 2019;Al-Khayat, Al-Fatlawi, Al-Baghdadi, & Al-Waily, 2022;Tominaga et al, 2023). Water hammer is generated in the experimental propulsion system by opening and closing solenoid valves (PHM Society, 2023).…”

Liquid Column Separation Due to Fluid Hammer Occurrence in Propellant Lines

“…Column separation mainly occurs when the pressure in the pipeline drops below the liquid vapor pressure at specific locations, such as the closed end of the present experimental configuration, and is observed with flow visualization in [6] and [29]. The present analysis seeks to understand the physics of the column separation occurrence right after the first fluid hammer pressure peak, based on the resolution of the momentum equation.…”

Comparison of water and cryogenic fluid hammer experiments for rocket engine feed line systems

“…The low pressure in the evacuated line and the associated high-pressure gradient across the valve cause the liquid to evaporate and the dead end to be hit by a two-phase flow. This setup was used with water and ethanol by Bombardieri et al (2014) and with liquid nitrogen by Gouriet et al (2016). They compared experimental results with Ecosim Pro/ESPSS simulations and called the code's prediction of flow questionable from a physical point of view.…”