Experimental Study of Wireless Monitoring of Human Respiratory Movements Using UWB Impulse Radar Systems

Ghaffar

et al. 2020

Sensors

Non-invasive remote health monitoring plays a vital role in epidemiological situations such as SARS outbreak (2003), MERS (2015) and the recently ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 because it is extremely risky to get close to the patient due to the spread of contagious infections. Non-invasive monitoring is also extremely necessary in situations where it is difficult to use complicated wired connections, such as ECG monitoring for infants, burn victims or during rescue missions when people are buried during building collapses/earthquakes. Due to the unique characteristics such as higher penetration capabilities, extremely precise ranging, low power requirement, low cost, simple hardware and robustness to multipath interferences, Impulse Radio Ultra Wideband (IR-UWB) technology is appropriate for non-invasive medical applications. IR-UWB sensors detect the macro as well as micro movement inside the human body due to its fine range resolution. The two vital signs, i.e., respiration rate and heart rate, can be measured by IR-UWB radar by measuring the change in the magnitude of signal due to displacement caused by human lungs, heart during respiration and heart beating. This paper reviews recent advances in IR-UWB radar sensor design for healthcare, such as vital signs measurements of a stationary human, vitals of a non-stationary human, vital signs of people in a vehicle, through the wall vitals measurement, neonate's health monitoring, fall detection, sleep monitoring and medical imaging. Although we have covered many topics related to health monitoring using IR-UWB, this paper is mainly focused on signal processing techniques for measurement of vital signs, i.e., respiration and heart rate monitoring.

Section: Previous Work Related To Vital Signs Extraction From Radar Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Remote Health Monitoring Using Impulse Radio UWB Transceiver

Ghaffar

et al. 2020

Sensors

“…Nevertheless, for clinical application of EMP, it is important to evaluate the relationship between the biological effect of EMP and parameters such as electric field strength and exposure duration. Compared with traditional EMP, ultra-wide band EMP (UWB-EMP) exhibits a shorter rise time (within the psec range), higher instantaneous peak power and wider spectrum ( 19 ). Thus far, there have been very few studies focusing on the effects of UWB-EMP on BBB permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ultra‑wide‑band electromagnetic pulses on blood‑brain barrier permeability in rats

Gao¹,

Chen²,

Hu³

et al. 2020

Mol Med Rep

The restrictive nature of the blood brain barrier (BBB) brings a particular challenge to the treatment of central nervous system (cnS) disorders. The effect of ultra-wide band electromagnetic pulses (uWB-eMPs) on BBB permeability was examined in the present study in order to develop a safe and effective technology that opens the BBB to improve treatment options for cnS diseases. rats were exposed to a single UWB-EMP at various field strengths (50, 200 or 400 kV/m) and the BBB was examined using albumin immunohistochemistry and evans blue staining at different time periods (0.5, 3, 6 and 24 h) after exposure. The expression and distribution of zonula occludens 1 (Zo-1) were evaluated using western blotting to identify a potential mechanism underlying BBB permeability. The results showed that the BBB permeability of rats exposed to uWB-eMP increased immediately following uWM-eMP treatment and peaked between 3 and 6 h after UWB-EMP exposure, returning to pre-exposure levels 24 h later. The data suggested that UWB-EMP at 200 and 400 kV/m could induce BBB opening, while 50 kV/m UWB-EMP could not. The levels of ZO-1 in the cerebral cortex were significantly decreased at 3 and 6 h after exposure; however, no change was observed in the distribution of Zo-1. The present study indicated that UWB-EMP-induced BBB opening was field strength-dependent and reversible. decreased expression of Zo-1 may be involved in the effect of uWB-eMP on BBB permeability.

“…They are also used in the field of cognition, where they have been used for studies on distinguishing human body movements including hand gestures and mouth movements [24][25][26][27][28]. In addition, they have also been studied to measure bio-signals for detecting movements such as human breathing and heartbeats in a non-invasive manner [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no research using IR-UWB radars for lane recognition in the automotive field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lane Detection Method with Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband Radar and Metal Lane Reflectors

Kim

2020

Sensors

An advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS), based on lane detection technology, detects dangerous situations through various sensors and either warns the driver or takes over direct control of the vehicle. At present, cameras are commonly used for lane detection; however, their performance varies widely depending on the lighting conditions. Consequently, many studies have focused on using radar for lane detection. However, when using radar, it is difficult to distinguish between the plain road surface and painted lane markers, necessitating the use of radar reflectors for guidance. Previous studies have used long-range radars which may receive interference signals from various objects, including other vehicles, pedestrians, and buildings, thereby hampering lane detection. Therefore, we propose a lane detection method that uses an impulse radio ultra-wideband radar with high-range resolution and metal lane markers installed at regular intervals on the road. Lane detection and departure is realized upon using the periodically reflected signals as well as vehicle speed data as inputs. For verification, a field test was conducted by attaching radar to a vehicle and installing metal lane markers on the road. Experimental scenarios were established by varying the position and movement of the vehicle, and it was demonstrated that the proposed method enables lane detection based on the data measured.