Experimental study on improving lithium extraction efficiency of salinity-gradient solar pond through sodium carbonate addition and agitation

Yu, Jiangjiang; Wu, Qian; Bu, Lingzhong; Nie, Zhen; Wang, Yunsheng; Zhang, Jintao; Zhang, Ke; Renchen, Norbu; He, Tao; He, Zhikui

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2022.07.027

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The space holders were located inside the sample, and it was immersed in water to remove the space holders. Since optimal Na 2 CO 3 solubility occurs at a water temperature of 35 to 40 °C [34], it was dissolved at that temperature, and the efficiency can be enhanced by stirring the water or ultrasonic injection. After dissolution, the pores replicated the same shape and size as the space holders, as shown in Figure 3c.…”

Section: Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Dissipation of Open-Cell-Type Aluminum Foams Manufactured by Replication-Casting Process

Kim,

Ha,

Lee

et al. 2024

Metals

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Open-cell-type aluminum foam demonstrates excellent heat dissipation owing to interconnected pores. In this study, open-cell-type aluminum foams with various pore sizes and porosities were fabricated using the replication-casting process, which is a relatively simple process. The porosity of the manufactured foams ranged from approximately 55% to 62%. To assess the heat dissipation of the manufactured foams, an air-cooling system was designed. The device could pass a controlled amount of air through the connected pores, simultaneously measuring pressure drop ∆P and temperature changes. It was confirmed that the open-cell-type aluminum foams exhibited a very high cooling rate in the initial cooling phase, and the thermal behavior is influenced by structural characteristics. At a porosity of 62%, the initial maximum cooling rate was measured to be 1.41 ℃/s for a pore size of 0.7~1.0 mm, and it was observed to significantly increase to 3.82 ℃/s for a pore size of 2.8~3.4 mm. Furthermore, for the same pore size, an increase in porosity resulted in an increase in the initial cooling rate. Lager pore sizes and higher porosities led to lower pressure drop ∆P and improved airflow, enhancing the cooling efficiency of open-cell-type aluminum foams.

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Section: Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Dissipation of Open-Cell-Type Aluminum Foams Manufactured by Replication-Casting Process

Kim,

Ha,

Lee

et al. 2024

Metals

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“…Finally, after solidification was complete, the top and bottom filters were cut using electric discharge processing. The space holder was dissolved in water, with the process conducted at a water temperature of 35-40 ℃, as this range corresponds to the highest solubility of Na2CO3 [10]. Fig.…”

Section: Replication Casting Process For Open-cell Type Aluminum Foammentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing Method and Thermal Properties of Open-Cell Type Aluminum Foam by Replication Casting Process

Kim,

Ha,

Han

et al. 2023

SSP

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Open-cell type aluminum foam possesses unique structural characteristics comprising numerous interconnected pores within. This intriguing structure facilitates the passage of fluids (gas or liquid) through the interior of the open-cell type aluminum foams, enabling easy transfer to the exterior. The objective of this study is to manufacture open-cell type aluminum foams with varying pore sizes using the replication casting process and to evaluate their thermal properties. The equipment designed for the production of open-cell type aluminum foams consists of a chamber and an inner container. The chamber is connected to a vacuum line and an Ar gas line, with the container positioned inside. The aluminum alloys utilized for the foams were A356 and ADC12, and Na2CO3 served as the space holder. As a result of manufacturing the foams, there was no significant difference of porosity with space holder size and alloy types, the porosity averaged around 62%. To investigate the thermal properties of open-cell type aluminum foams in relation to pore size and alloy types, temperature variations were measured during sample heating via the hot plate method. Consequently, it was confirmed that the thermal properties of the foams were influenced by the structural conditions and alloy types.

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“…It has been reported that relatively constant precipitation of Na 2 SO 4 was observable from a solution containing a high concentration of Li 2 CO 3 in a temperature range of 45–80 °C . Meanwhile, in an ideal solution, the solubility of Na 2 SO 4 should decrease as temperature increases from 30 to 100 °C . This anomaly needs further investigation since the precipitation of Na 2 SO 4 would influence the precipitation of Li 2 CO 3 and determine the quality of the precipitates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…23 Meanwhile, in an ideal solution, the solubility of Na 2 SO 4 should decrease as temperature increases from 30 to 100 °C. 24 This anomaly needs further investigation since the precipitation of Na 2 SO 4 would influence the precipitation of Li 2 CO 3 and determine the quality of the precipitates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

Aprilianto,

Perdana,

Rochmadi

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) is one of the main precursors for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This compound can be obtained through direct extraction from primary sources such as ores and brines or from secondary sources such as spent LIBs. The extraction of lithium from both ores and LIBs commonly involves the use of sulfuric acid as an inexpensive solvent, often with relatively high concentrations and low solid−liquid ratios. This process results in a solution with low lithium concentration but high SO 42− ion concentration. The excessive concentration of SO 42− ions potentially leads to the formation of unacceptable impurities in the final Li 2 CO 3 product, which eventually lowers the recovery and purity of the product. The present work studied the effect of SO 4 2− and CO 3 2− ions concentration as well as temperature on the Li 2 CO 3 precipitation from the lithium-containing leaching solution. Experimental works were carried out with various variations within controlled simple (Li + -Na + -CO 3 2− -OH − ) and complex (Li + -Na + -CO 3 2− -SO 4 2− -OH − ) systems. The resulting Li 2 CO 3 precipitates were characterized using Raman microscope spectrometry and elemental analysis with ICP-OES. The results showed that a relatively pure lithium carbonate product can be achieved from a precipitation condition with a maximum SO 4 2− /Li + ratio of 1:2 (0.25 M SO 4 2− /0.5 M Li + ) and at a temperature of 90 °C with a recovery of 80.54%. At higher SO 4 2− /Li + ratios, a relatively pure product could be obtained at lower operating temperatures to avoid the formation of sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), but it caused a drop in recovery. The presence of CO 3 2− ions in the solution within a range of a CO 3 2− /Li + ratio of 1−2 had no effect on Li 2 CO 3 product purity. However, when the ratio increased to 2.5, the purity dropped to 92.17% due to the impurity of Na 2 CO 3 formed along with the precipitation process. It was also observed that the presence of CO 3 2− ions led to a higher product crystallinity and recovery. Nonetheless, a further increase in the CO 3 2− /Li + ratio had an insignificant effect on the product recovery.

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Experimental study on improving lithium extraction efficiency of salinity-gradient solar pond through sodium carbonate addition and agitation

Cited by 12 publications

References 42 publications

Heat Dissipation of Open-Cell-Type Aluminum Foams Manufactured by Replication-Casting Process

Heat Dissipation of Open-Cell-Type Aluminum Foams Manufactured by Replication-Casting Process

Manufacturing Method and Thermal Properties of Open-Cell Type Aluminum Foam by Replication Casting Process

Effect of Sulfate and Carbonate Ions on Lithium Carbonate Precipitation from a Low Concentration Lithium Containing Solution

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